Editors' Favorites

Go directly to section: 1      Types of Articles 1.1      Reports of Original Data. 1.2      Review Articles. 1.3      Descriptive Articles. 1.4      Consensus Statements and Clinical Practice Guidelines. 1.5      Articles of Opinion. 1.6      Correspondence. 1.7      Reviews of Books, Journals, and Other Media. 1.8      Other Types of Articles. 2      Manuscript Preparation 2.1      Titles and Subtitles. 2.1.1      Quotation Marks. 2.1.2      Numbers. 2.1.3      Drugs. 2.1.4      Genus and Species. 2.1.5      Abbreviations. 2.1.6      Capitalization. 2.1.7      Names of Cities, Counties, States, Provinces, and Countries. 2.2      Bylines and End-of-Text Signatures. 2.2.1      Authors' Names. 2.2.2      Authorship. 2.2.3      Degrees. 2.2.4      Multiple Authors, Group Authors. 2.3      Footnotes to Title Page. 2.3.1      Order of Footnotes. 2.3.2      Death. 2.3.3      Author Affiliations. 2.4      Running Foot. 2.4.1      Name of the Publication. 2.4.2      Title of the Article. 2.5      Abstract. 2.5.1      Structured Abstracts. 2.5.2      Unstructured Abstracts. 2.5.3      General Guidelines. 2.6      Keywords. 2.7      Epigraphs. 2.8      Parts of a Manuscript, Headings, Subheadings, and Side Headings. 2.8.1      Levels of Headings. 2.8.2      Number of Headings. 2.8.3      Items to Avoid in Headings 2.9      Addenda. 2.10      Acknowledgment Section. 2.10.1      Acceptance Date. 2.10.2      Online Publication Ahead of Print. 2.10.3      Affiliation Notes That Would Not Fit on Page 1. 2.10.4      Correspondence Address. 2.10.5      Author Contributions. 2.10.6      List of Participants in a Group Study. 2.10.7      Financial Disclosure. 2.10.8      Funding/Support. 2.10.9      Role of the Sponsor. 2.10.10      Independent Statistical Analysis. 2.10.11      Disclaimer. 2.10.12      Previous Presentations. 2.10.13      Additional Information (Miscellaneous Acknowledgments). 2.10.14      Additional Contributions. 2.10.15      Preferred Citation Format. 2.11      Appendixes. 2.12      Online-Only (Supplementary) Material. 3      References 3.1      Reference Style and the Uniform Requirements. 3.2      Reference List. 3.3      References Given in Text. 3.4      Minimum Acceptable Data for References. 3.5      Numbering. 3.6      Citation. 3.7      Authors. 3.8      Prefixes and Particles. 3.9      Titles. 3.9.1      English-Language Titles. 3.9.2      Non–English-Language Titles 3.9.3      Names of Organisms. 3.9.4      Non-English Words and Phrases. 3.10      Subtitles. 3.11      References to Print Journals 3.11.1      Complete Data. 3.11.2      Names of Journals. 3.11.3      Page Numbers and Dates. 3.11.4      Discontinuous Pagination. 3.11.5      Journals Without Volume or Issue Numbers. 3.11.6      Parts of an Issue. 3.11.7      Special or Theme Issue. 3.11.8      Supplements. 3.11.9      Abstracts and Other Material Taken From Another Source. 3.11.10      Special Department, Feature, or Column of a Journal. 3.11.11      Other Material Without Named Author(s) or With Named Authors and a Group Name. 3.11.12      Discussants. 3.11.13      Corrections. 3.11.14      Retractions. 3.11.15      Duplicate Publication. 3.12      References to Print Books. 3.12.1      Complete Data. 3.12.2      Reference to an Entire Book. 3.12.3      References to Monographs. 3.12.4      Reference to a Chapter in a Book. 3.12.5      Editors and Translators. 3.12.6      Volume Number. 3.12.7      Edition Number. 3.12.8      Place of Publication. 3.12.9      Publishers. 3.12.10      Year of Publication. 3.12.11      Page Numbers or Chapter Number. 3.13      Special Print Materials. 3.13.1      Newspapers. 3.13.2      Government or Agency Bulletins. 3.13.3      Serial Publications. 3.13.4      Theses and Dissertations. 3.13.5      Special Collections. 3.13.6      Package Inserts. 3.13.7      Patents. 3.13.8      Unpublished Material. 3.13.9      Personal Communications. 3.13.10      Secondary Citations and Quotations (Including Press Releases). 3.13.11      Classical References. 3.14      Other Media. 3.14.1      Audiotapes, Videotapes, DVDs (Digital Video Disks). 3.14.2      Transcript of Television or Radio Broadcast. 3.15      Electronic References. 3.15.1      Online Journals. 3.15.2      Books and Books on CD-ROM. 3.15.3      Web Sites. 3.15.4      Online Newspapers. 3.15.5      Government/Organization Reports. 3.15.6      Software. 3.15.7      Software Manual or Guide. 3.15.8      Databases. 3.15.9      E-mail and E-mail List (Listserve) Messages. 3.15.10      Online Conference Proceedings/Presentations. 3.15.11      News Releases and Miscellaneous 3.15.12      Legal References. 3.16      US Legal References. 3.16.1      Method of Citation. 3.16.2      Citation of Cases. 3.16.3      Legislative Materials. 4      Visual Presentation of Data 4.1      Tables. 4.1.1      Types of Tables 4.1.2      Organizing Information in Tables. 4.1.3      Table Components. 4.1.4      Units of Measure. 4.1.5      Punctuation. 4.1.6      Abbreviations 4.1.7      Numbers. 4.1.8      Tables That Contain Supplementary Information. 4.1.9      Guidelines for Preparing and Submitting Tables 4.2      Figures. 4.2.1      Statistical Graphs 4.2.2      Diagrams 4.2.3      Maps. 4.2.4      Illustrations. 4.2.5      Photographs and Clinical Imaging. 4.2.6      Components of Figures. 4.2.7      Titles, Legends, and Labels. 4.2.8      Placement of Figures in the Text. 4.2.9      Figures Reproduced or Adapted From Other Sources. 4.2.10      Guidelines for Preparing and Submitting Figures. 4.2.11      Consent for Identifiable Patients. 4.3      Nontabular Material. 4.3.1      Boxes. 4.3.2      Sidebars. 5      Ethical and Legal Considerations 5.1      Authorship Responsibility. 5.1.1      Authorship: Definition, Criteria, Contributions, and Requirements. 5.1.2      Guest and Ghost Authors. 5.1.3      Unsigned Editorials, Anonymous Authors, Pseudonymous Authors. 5.1.4      Number of Authors. 5.1.5      Order of Authorship. 5.1.6      Changes in Authorship. 5.1.7      Group and Collaborative Authorship. 5.2      Acknowledgments. 5.2.1      Acknowledging Support, Assistance, and Contributions of Those Who Are Not Authors. 5.2.2      Group and Collaborative Author Lists. 5.2.3      Author Contributions. 5.2.4      Authors' Conflicts of Interests and Financial Disclosures. 5.2.5      Access to Data Statement. 5.2.6      Funding and Role of Sponsors. 5.2.7      Acknowledgment Elements and Order of Elements. 5.2.8      Permission to Name Individuals. 5.2.9      Personal Communication and Credit Lines. 5.3      Duplicate Publication. 5.3.1      Secondary Publication. 5.3.2      Editorial Policy for Preventing and Handling Allegations of Duplicate Publication. 5.4      Scientific Misconduct. 5.4.1      Misrepresentation: Fabrication, Falsification, and Omission. 5.4.2      Misappropriation: Plagiarism and Breaches of Confidentiality. 5.4.3      Inappropriate Manipulation of Digital Images. 5.4.4      Editorial Policy and Procedures for Detecting and Handling Allegations of Scientific Misconduct. 5.4.5      Retractions, Expressions of Concern. 5.4.6      Allegations Involving Unresolved Questions of Scientific Misconduct. 5.4.7      Allegations Involving Manuscripts Under Editorial Consideration. 5.5      Conflicts of Interest. 5.5.1      Requirements for Authors. 5.5.2      Reporting Funding and Other Support. 5.5.3      Reporting the Role of the Sponsor. 5.5.4      Access to Data Requirement. 5.5.5      Requirements for Reporting Industry-Sponsored Studies. 5.5.6      Requirements for Peer Reviewers. 5.5.7      Requirements for Editors and Editorial Board Members. 5.5.8      Handling Failure to Disclose Financial Interest 5.6      Intellectual Property: Ownership, Access, Rights, and Management. 5.6.1      Ownership and Control of Data. 5.6.2      Open-Access Publication and Scientific Journals. 5.6.3      Copyright: Definition, History, and Current Law. 5.6.4      Types of Works and Copyright Duration in the United States. 5.6.5      Copyright Assignment or License. 5.6.6      Copyright Notice and Registration. 5.6.7      Copying, Reproducing, Adapting, and Other Uses of Content. 5.6.8      Publishing Transcripts of Discussions, Symposia, and Conferences. 5.6.9      Permissions for Reuse. 5.6.10      Standards for Commercial Reprints and E-prints. 5.6.11      Standards for Licensed International Editions. 5.6.12      International Copyright Protection. 5.6.13      Moral Rights. 5.6.14      Copyright Resources. 5.6.15      Patents. 5.6.16      Trademark. 5.7      Confidentiality. 5.7.1      Confidentiality During Editorial Evaluation and Peer Review and After Publication. 5.7.2      Confidentiality in Allegations of Scientific Misconduct. 5.7.3      Confidentiality in Legal Petitions and Claims for Privileged Information. 5.7.4      Confidentiality in Selecting Editors and Editorial Board Members. 5.8      Protecting Research Participants' and Patients' Rights in Scientific Publication. 5.8.1      Ethical Review of Studies and Informed Consent. 5.8.2      Patients' Rights to Privacy and Anonymity. 5.8.3      Rights in Published Reports of Genetic Studies. 5.8.4      Patients' Rights in Essays and News Reports in Biomedical Journals. 5.9      Defamation, Libel. 5.9.1      Living Persons and Existing Entities. 5.9.2      Public and Private Figures. 5.9.3      Groups of Individuals. 5.9.4      Statements of Opinion. 5.9.5      Works of Fiction. 5.9.6      Republication and News Reporting. 5.9.7      Defense Against Libel. 5.9.8      Minimizing the Risk of Libel. 5.9.9      Demands to Correct, Retract, or Remove Libelous Information. 5.9.10      Other Liability Concerns. 5.10      Editorial Freedom and Integrity. 5.10.1      Maintaining Editorial Freedom: Cases of Editorial Interference and the Rationale for Mission... 5.10.2      Ensuring a Trust Relationship Between Journal Editors, Publishers, and Owners 5.11      Editorial Responsibilities, Roles, Procedures, and Policies. 5.11.1      The Editor's Responsibilities. 5.11.2      Acknowledging Manuscript Receipt. 5.11.3      Editorial Responsibility for Manuscript Assessment. 5.11.4      Editorial Responsibility for Peer Review. 5.11.5      Editorial Responsibility for Rejection. 5.11.6      Editorial Responsibility for Revision. 5.11.7      Editorial Responsibility for Acceptance 5.11.8      Correspondence (Letters to the Editor). 5.11.9      Corrections (Errata). 5.11.10      Role of the Editorial Board. 5.11.11      Disclosure of Editorial Practices, Procedures, and Policies. 5.11.12      Editorial Audits and Research. 5.11.13      Editorial Quality Review. 5.12      Advertisements, Advertorials, Sponsorship, Supplements, Reprints, and E-prints. 5.12.1      Advertisements. 5.12.2      Criteria for Advertisements Directed to Physicians and Other Health Care Professionals. 5.12.3      Advertorials. 5.12.4      Sponsored Supplements. 5.12.5      Other Forms of Sponsorship. 5.12.6      Advertising and Sponsorship in Online Publications. 5.12.7      Reprints and E-prints. 5.13      Release of Information to the Public and Journal/Author Relations With the News Media. 5.13.1      Release of Information to the Public. 5.13.2      Expedited Publication and Release of Information Early Online. 5.13.3      Embargo. 5.13.4      Suggestions for Authors Interacting With the News Media. 5.13.5      News Releases. 6      Editorial Assessment and Processing 6.1      Editorial Assessment. 6.1.1      Editorial Decisions. 6.1.2      Assessment Criteria. 6.1.3      Peer Review. 6.1.4      Selection of Reviewers. 6.1.5      Statistical Review. 6.1.6      Concealing of Author and Reviewer Identities. 6.1.7      Revision. 6.1.8      Appealing a Rejection. 6.1.9      Postpublication Review. 6.2      Editorial Processing. 6.2.1      Manuscript Editing. 6.2.2      Composition, Page Makeup, and Web Content. 6.2.3      Proofreading. 6.2.4      Advertising. 6.2.5      Issue Makeup and Review. 6.2.6      Reprints. 6.2.7      Corrections. 6.2.8      Index. 7      Grammar 7.1      Nouns. 7.1.1      Modifiers (Noun Strings). 7.1.2      Modifying Gerunds. 7.1.3      Subject-Complement Agreement. 7.2      Pronouns. 7.2.1      Personal Pronouns. 7.2.2      Relative Pronouns. 7.2.3      Indefinite Pronouns. 7.3      Verbs. 7.3.1      Voice. 7.3.2      Mood. 7.3.3      Tense. 7.3.4      Double Negatives. 7.3.5      Split Infinitives and Verb Phrases. 7.3.6      Contractions. 7.4      Modifiers. 7.4.1      Misplaced Modifiers. 7.4.2      Verbal Phrase Danglers. 7.5      Diction. 7.5.1      Homonyms. 7.5.2      Idioms, Colloquialisms, and Slang. 7.5.3      Euphemisms. 7.5.4      Clichés. 7.6      Sentence Fragments. 7.7      Parallel Construction. 7.7.1      Correlative Conjunctions. 7.7.2      Elliptical Comparisons. 7.7.3      Series or Comparisons. 7.7.4      Lists. 7.8      Subject-Verb Agreement. 7.8.1      Intervening Phrase. 7.8.2      False Singulars. 7.8.3      False Plurals. 7.8.4      Parenthetical Plurals. 7.8.5      Collective Nouns. 7.8.6      Compound Subject. 7.8.7      Shift in Number of Subject and Resultant Subject-Verb Disagreement. 7.8.8      Subject and Predicate Noun Differ in Number. 7.8.9      Every and Many a. 7.8.10      One of Those. 7.8.11      Number. 7.9      The Paragraph. 8      Punctuation 8.1      Period, Question Mark, Exclamation Point. 8.1.1      Period. 8.1.2      Question Mark. 8.1.3      Exclamation Point. 8.2      Comma, Semicolon, Colon. 8.2.1      Comma. 8.2.2      Semicolon. 8.2.3      Colon. 8.3      Hyphens and Dashes. 8.3.1      Hyphen. 8.3.2      Dashes. 8.4      Forward Slash (Virgule, Solidus). 8.4.1      Used to Express Equivalence or Duality. 8.4.2      Used to Mean per. 8.4.3      In Dates. 8.4.4      In Equations. 8.4.5      In Ratios. 8.4.6      In Phonetics, Poetry. 8.5      Parentheses and Brackets. 8.5.1      Parentheses 8.5.2      Brackets 8.6      Quotation Marks. 8.6.1      Quotations. 8.6.2      Dialogue. 8.6.3      Titles. 8.6.4      Single Quotation Marks. 8.6.5      Placement. 8.6.6      Omission of Opening or Closing Quotation Marks. 8.6.7      Coined Words, Slang. 8.6.8      Apologetic Quotation Marks. 8.6.9      So-called. 8.6.10      Common Words Used in a Technical Sense. 8.6.11      Definition or Translation of Non–English-Language Words. 8.6.12      Titles of Works. 8.6.13      Indirect Discourse, Discussions. 8.6.14      Block Quotations. 8.7      Apostrophe 8.7.1      To Show Possession. 8.7.2      Possessive Pronouns. 8.7.3      Possessive of Compound Terms. 8.7.4      Joint Possession. 8.7.5      Using Apostrophes to Form Plurals. 8.7.6      Units of Time and Money as Possessive Adjectives. 8.7.7      Prime. 8.8      Ellipses. 8.8.1      Omission Within a Sentence. 8.8.2      Omission at the End of a Sentence or Between Complete Sentences. 8.8.3      Grammatically Incomplete Expressions. 8.8.4      Omissions in Verse. 8.8.5      Omissions Between or at the Start of Paragraphs. 8.8.6      Change in Capitalization. 8.8.7      Omission of Ellipses. 8.8.8      Ellipses in Tables. 9      Plurals 9.1      How Plurals Are Formed. 9.2      Collective Nouns. 9.3      Latin and Greek vs English. 9.4      Microorganisms. 9.5      Abbreviations. 9.6      Plurals of Symbols, Letters, Numbers, and Years. 9.7      When Not to Use Plurals. 9.8      False Singulars. 10      Capitalization 10.1      First Word of Sentences, Statements, Quotations, Titles, Subtitles, and Table Headings. 10.2      Titles and Headings. 10.2.1      Titles of Medical Articles. 10.2.2      Hyphenated Compounds. 10.3      Proper Nouns. 10.3.1      Geographic Names. 10.3.2      Sociocultural Designations. 10.3.3      Events, Awards, and Legislation. 10.3.4      Eponyms and Words Derived From Proper Nouns. 10.3.5      Proprietary Names. 10.3.6      Organisms. 10.3.7      Seasons, Deities, Holidays. 10.3.8      Tests. 10.3.9      Official Names. 10.3.10      Titles and Degrees of Persons. 10.4      Designators. 10.5      Types and Sections of Articles. 10.6      Acronyms and Initialisms. 10.7      Capitalized Computer Terms. 10.8      “Intercapped” Compounds. 11      Correct and Preferred Usage 11.1      Correct and Preferred Usage of Common Words and Phrases. 11.2      Redundant, Expendable, and Incomparable Words and Phrases 11.2.1      Redundant Words. 11.2.2      Expendable Words and Circumlocution. 11.2.3      Incomparable Words. 11.3      Back-formations. 11.4      Jargon. 11.5      Age and Sex Referents. 11.6      Anatomy. 11.7      Clock Referents. 11.8      Laboratory Values. 11.9      Articles. 11.10      Inclusive Language. 11.10.1      Sex/Gender. 11.10.2      Race/Ethnicity. 11.10.3      Age. 11.10.4      Disabilities. 11.10.5      Sexual Orientation. 12      Non-English Words, Phrases, and Accent Marks 12.1      Non-English Words, Phrases, and Titles. 12.1.1      Use of Italics. 12.1.2      Translation of Titles. 12.1.3      Capitalization and Punctuation. 12.2      Accent Marks (Diacritics). 13      Medical Indexes 13.1      Index Style. 13.1.1      Alphabetization and Sorting. 13.1.2      Consistency. 13.1.3      Letter-by-Letter vs Word-by-Word. 13.1.4      Capitalization of Main Entries. 13.1.5      Abbreviations 13.1.6      Locators. 13.1.7      Indented vs Run-in Style. 13.2      Features of Indexes. 13.2.1      Types of Index. 13.2.2      Cross-references. 13.2.3      Generic Cross-references. 13.2.4      Double-postings. 13.2.5      Inversions. 13.2.6      Subentry Levels. 13.2.7      Vocabulary Control. 13.3      Periodical Indexing. 13.4      Controlled Vocabulary Indexing. 13.5      Online and Electronic Indexes. 14      Abbreviations 14.1      Academic Degrees, Certifications, and Honors. 14.2      US Military Services and Titles. 14.2.1      US Military Services 14.2.2      US Military Officer Titles (Grades/Ranks) 14.3      Days of the Week, Months, Eras. 14.4      Local Addresses. 14.5      Cities, States, Counties, Territories, Possessions; Provinces; Countries. 14.6      Names and Titles of Persons. 14.7      Business Firms. 14.8      Agencies and Organizations. 14.9      Collaborative Groups. 14.10      Names of Journals. 14.11      Clinical, Technical, and Other Common Terms. 14.12      Units of Measure. 14.13      Elements and Chemicals. 14.14      Radioactive Isotopes. 15      Nomenclature 15.1      Blood Groups, Platelet Antigens, and Granulocyte Antigens 15.1.1      Blood Groups. 15.1.2      Platelet-Specific Antigens. 15.1.3      Granulocyte Antigens 15.2      Cancer 15.2.1      Cancer Stage. 15.2.2      The TNM Staging System. 15.2.3      Bethesda System. 15.2.4      Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia. 15.2.5      Molecular Cancer Terminology 15.3      Cardiology. 15.3.1      Electrocardiographic Terms. 15.3.2      Electrograms. 15.3.3      Heart Sounds. 15.3.4      Murmurs. 15.3.5      Jugular Venous Pulse. 15.3.6      Echocardiography. 15.3.7      Pacemaker Codes. 15.3.8      Implanted Cardioverter/Defibrillators. 15.3.9      Pacemaker-Lead Code. 15.3.10      Heart Disease Classifications. 15.3.11      Coronary Artery Angiographic Classifications. 15.3.12      Cellular and Molecular Cardiology. 15.4      Drugs. 15.4.1      The Drug Development and Approval Process. 15.4.2      Nonproprietary Names. 15.4.3      Proprietary Names 15.4.4      Chemical Names. 15.4.5      Code Designations. 15.4.6      Trivial Names. 15.4.7      Drugs With Inactive Components. 15.4.8      Stereoisomers. 15.4.9      Combination Products. 15.4.10      Drug Preparation Names That Include a Percentage. 15.4.11      Multiple-Drug Regimens. 15.4.12      Drug Abbreviations. 15.4.13      Nomenclature for Biological Products. 15.4.14      Vitamins and Related Compounds. 15.4.15      Herbals and Dietary Supplements. 15.5      Equipment, Devices, and Reagents. 15.6      Genetics. 15.6.1      Nucleic Acids and Amino Acids. 15.6.2      Human Gene Nomenclature. 15.6.3      Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes 15.6.4      Human Chromosomes 15.6.5      Nonhuman Genetic Terms. 15.6.6      Pedigrees. 15.7      Hemostasis. 15.7.1      Primary Hemostasis. 15.7.2      Endothelial Factors. 15.7.3      Secondary Hemostasis. 15.7.4      Inhibition of Coagulation and Fibrinolysis 15.8      Immunology 15.8.1      Chemokines. 15.8.2      CD Cell Markers. 15.8.3      Complement. 15.8.4      Cytokines. 15.8.5      HLA/Major Histocompatibility Complex. 15.8.6      Immunoglobulins. 15.8.7      Lymphocytes. 15.9      Isotopes. 15.9.1      Elements. 15.9.2      Radiopharmaceuticals. 15.9.3      Radiopharmaceutical Compounds Without Approved Names. 15.9.4      Radiopharmaceutical Proprietary Names. 15.9.5      Uniform Labeling. 15.9.6      Hydrogen Isotopes. 15.9.7      Metastable Isotopes. 15.10      Molecular Medicine. 15.10.1      Molecular Terminology: Other Sections of Chapter 15. 15.10.2      Molecular Terms: Considerations and Examples. 15.10.3      Enzyme Nomenclature. 15.11      Neurology 15.11.1      Nerves. 15.11.2      Electroencephalographic Terms. 15.11.3      Evoked Potentials. 15.11.4      Polysomnography and Sleep Stages. 15.11.5      Molecular Neuroscience. 15.12      Obstetric Terms. 15.12.1      GPA. 15.12.2      TPAL. 15.12.3      Apgar Score. 15.13      Ophthalmology Terms. 15.14      Organisms and Pathogens 15.14.1      Biological Nomenclature 15.14.2      Bacteria: Additional Terminology 15.14.3      Virus Nomenclature. 15.14.4      Prions. 15.15      Psychiatric Terminology. 15.15.1      Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). 15.15.2      Other Psychiatric Terminology. 15.16      Pulmonary, Respiratory, and Blood Gas Terminology. 15.16.1      Symbols. 15.16.2      Abbreviations. 15.16.3      Mechanical Ventilation. 15.17      Radiology Terms 15.17.1      Resources. 15.17.2      Terms. 16      Eponyms 16.1      Eponymous vs Noneponymous Terms. 16.2      Nonpossessive Form. 17      Greek Letters 17.1      Greek Letter vs Word. 17.2      Capitalization After a Greek Letter. 17.3      Greek Alphabet. 17.4      Page Composition and Electronic Formats. 18      Units of Measure 18.1      SI Units. 18.1.1      Base Units. 18.1.2      Derived Units. 18.1.3      Prefixes. 18.2      Expressing Unit Names and Symbols. 18.2.1      Capitalization. 18.2.2      Products and Quotients of Unit Symbols. 18.3      Format, Style, and Punctuation. 18.3.1      Exponents. 18.3.2      Plurals. 18.3.3      Subject-Verb Agreement. 18.3.4      Beginning of Sentence, Title, Subtitle. 18.3.5      Abbreviations. 18.3.6      Punctuation. 18.3.7      Hyphens. 18.3.8      Spacing. 18.4      Use of Numerals With Units. 18.4.1      Expressing Quantities. 18.4.2      Decimal Format. 18.4.3      Number Spacing. 18.4.4      Multiplication of Numbers. 18.4.5      Indexes 18.5      Conventional Units and SI Units in JAMA and the Archives Journals. 18.5.1      Length, Area, Volume, Mass. 18.5.2      Temperature. 18.5.3      Time. 18.5.4      Visual Acuity. 18.5.5      Pressure. 18.5.6      pH. 18.5.7      Solutions and Concentration. 18.5.8      Energy. 18.5.9      Drug Doses. 18.5.10      Laboratory Values. 18.5.11      Radiation. 18.5.12      Currency. 19      Numbers and Percentages 19.1      Use of Numerals. 19.1.1      Numbers of 4 or More Digits to Either Side of the Decimal Point. 19.1.2      Mixed Fractions. 19.1.3      Measures of Time. 19.1.4      Measures of Temperature. 19.1.5      Measures of Currency. 19.2      Spelling Out Numbers. 19.2.1      Beginning a Sentence, Title, Subtitle, or Heading. 19.2.2      Common Fractions. 19.2.3      One Used as a Pronoun. 19.2.4      Accepted Usage. 19.2.5      Ordinals. 19.3      Combining Numerals and Words. 19.3.1      Rounded Large Numbers. 19.3.2      Consecutive Numerical Expressions. 19.4      Use of Digit Spans and Hyphens. 19.5      Enumerations. 19.6      Abbreviating Number. 19.7      Forms of Numbers. 19.7.1      Decimals. 19.7.2      Percentages. 19.7.3      Reporting Proportions and Percentages. 19.7.4      Reporting Rates and Ratios. 19.7.5      Roman Numerals. 20      Study Design and Statistics 20.1      The Manuscript: Presenting Study Design, Rationale, and Statistical Analysis. 20.1.1      Abstract and Introduction. 20.1.2      Methods. 20.1.3      Results. 20.1.4      Discussion (Comment). 20.2      Randomized Controlled Trials. 20.2.1      Parallel-Design Double-blind Trials. 20.2.2      Crossover Trials. 20.2.3      Equivalence and Noninferiority Trials. 20.3      Observational Studies. 20.3.1      Cohort Studies. 20.3.2      Case-Control Studies. 20.3.3      Case Series. 20.4      Meta-analysis. 20.5      Cost-effectiveness Analysis, Cost-Benefit Analysis. 20.6      Studies of Diagnostic Tests. 20.7      Survey Studies. 20.8      Significant Digits and Rounding Numbers. 20.8.1      Significant Digits 20.8.2      Rounding 20.9      Glossary of Statistical Terms. 20.10      Statistical Symbols and Abbreviations. 21      Mathematical Composition 21.1      Copy Marking. 21.2      Displayed vs Run-In. 21.3      Stacked vs Unstacked. 21.4      Exponents 21.4.1      Fractional Exponents vs Radicals. 21.4.2      Negative Exponents. 21.4.3      Logarithmic Expressions. 21.5      Long Formulas. 21.6      Expressing Multiplication and Division. 21.7      Commonly Used Symbols. 21.8      Typography and Capitalization. 21.9      Punctuation. 21.10      Spacing With Mathematical Symbols. 22      Typography 22.1      Basic Elements of Design. 22.2      Typefaces, Fonts, and Sizes. 22.3      Spacing. 22.3.1      Letterspacing. 22.3.2      Word Spacing. 22.3.3      Line Spacing. 22.4      Layout. 22.5      Specific Uses of Fonts. 22.5.1      Lowercase. 22.5.2      Capital (Uppercase). 22.5.3      Boldface. 22.5.4      Italics. 22.5.5      Small Caps. 23      Manuscript Editing and Proofreading 23.1      Editing and Proofreading Marks. 23.2      Proofreading Sample. 23.3      Electronic Text Editing. 24      Glossary of Publishing Terms 25      Resources 25.1      General Dictionaries 25.2      Medical and Scientific Dictionaries 25.3      General Style and Usage 25.4      Medical/Scientific Style and Usage 25.5      Writing 25.6      Ethical and Legal Concerns 25.7      Peer Review 25.8      Illustrations/Displaying Data 25.9      Databases 25.10      Guidelines 25.11      Professional Scientific Writing, Editing, and Communications Organizations and Groups

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