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Avoid the use of abbreviations in the title and subtitle, unless space considerations require an exception (see the first example below) or unless the title or subtitle includes the name of a group that is best known by its acronym (see the second example below). In both cases, the abbreviation should be expanded in the abstract and at first appearance in the text. (See also , Capitalization, Acronyms and Initialisms, and , Abbreviations.)Prevalence of HIV-1 in Blood Donations Following Implementation of a Structured Blood Safety Policy in South Africa Reporting of Noninferiority and Equivalence Randomized Trials: An Extension of the Less

In this age of electronic data dissemination and retrieval, in which abstracts are typically indexed and freely available, a well-written abstract has become increasingly important in directing readers to articles of potential clinical and research interest. The abstract of a research report summarizes the main points of an article: (1) the study objective or background, (2) the study design and methods, (3) primary results, and (4) principal conclusions. For scientific studies and systematic reviews, narrative expressions, such as “X is described,” “Y is discussed,” “Z is also reviewed,” do not add meaning and should be avoided. Results should be presented Less

Some journals include the date of the manuscript’s acceptance; others include the date of manuscript submission, the date the revision was received, and the date accepted. Examples are shown below: Accepted for Publication: December 16, 2006. Submitted for Publication: November 22, 2004; final revision received May 13, 2005; accepted May 23, 2005. | Less

“Acknowledgments” is the blanket term used to cover the information that follows the body of the article and precedes the references. The Acknowledgment section is considered to be a continuation of the text, so that abbreviations expanded in the text may stand without expansion here. If a footnote that would normally appear on the first page of the article (eg, the affiliation footnote) is too long to be placed on the first page, it may be placed here immediately after the acceptance date and, if applicable, the online-publication-ahead-of-print information; if the journal does not publish acceptance dates, the affiliation footnote Less

Addenda may be material added to an article late in the publication process or may be material that is considered supplementary to the article. (Note: This is distinct from supplementary Web-only material, although addenda may sometimes be presented as supplementary Web-only material. For that, see , Online-Only [Supplementary] Material.) The use of addenda is discouraged in JAMA and the Archives Journals. If material is added late in the publication process, well after a manuscript has been accepted for publication (eg, the addition of another case report, extended follow-up, data or information on recent legislation or other relevant event, or additional Less

Acknowledgment of other contributions and forms of assistance (eg, statistical review, preparation of the report, performance of special tests or research, editorial or writing assistance, or clerical assistance) also should be included. When individuals are named, their given names and highest academic degrees (see , Bylines and End-of-Text Signatures, Degrees) are listed, and some publications, such as JAMA, also list their affiliations, if appropriate, and whether they received compensation for their assistance. For any individual named as providing additional contributions, the author should obtain written permission from that person indicating his or her authorization to be so named (see , Less

Occasionally, other types of announcements are listed in the Acknowledgment section. However, permission or credit for reproduction of a figure or a table, even if modified, should be given in the figure legend or the table footnote, not in the Acknowledgment section. See , Visual Presentation of Data. Notice of supplemental Web-only material may also be given under this sidehead, as well as in the text.Additional Information: This is report 54 in a series on chronic disease in former college students. Additional Information: This article has been reviewed by the Publications Committee of the Collaborative Study of Depression and has Less

Limited space on the first page of an article may sometimes not allow the author affiliation footnote to appear on the first page. If the author affiliation footnote does not fit there, it would appear at the end of the article, after the acceptance date and the online-publication-ahead-of-print information, if applicable. | Less

Some journals publish appendixes, at least occasionally, for material that might be considered ancillary to the content of the article itself (eg, derivation of a complex formula used in the article, a survey instrument used in a study, statistical modeling details). JAMA and the Archives Journals generally do not use appendixes. If these are worthy of publication because they contain important information, they could be considered for online-only publication (see , Online-Only [Supplementary] Material). On rare occasions, however, they serve a useful purpose for data that cannot easily be presented as a table or a figure and are too central Less

The institutions with which an author is professionally affiliated, including locations, are given in a footnote. The authors' last names are given parenthetically in the footnote following their respective institutions. If 2 or more authors share the same last name, their initials should be used in addition to the last name to distinguish them. Title and academic rank are not included in this footnote. If all authors in the byline are affiliated with the same department and institution, there is no need to include their names in the footnote. List the affiliations in the order of the authors' names as Less