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Brackets are used to indicate editorial interpolation within a quotation and to enclose corrections, explanations, or comments in material that is quoted. (See also , Quotation Marks, Quotations; , Ellipses, Change in Capitalization; and , Ellipses, Omission of Ellipses.)“Enough questions had arisen [these are not described] to warrant medical consultation.” Thompson stated, “Because of the patient’s preferences, surgery was absolutely contraindicated [italics added].” “The following year [1947] was a turning point.” Note: Use sic (Latin for “thus” or “so”) in brackets to indicate an error or peculiarity in the spelling or grammar of the preceding word in the original source Less

In the text, use the name of a company exactly as the company uses it, but omit the period after any abbreviations used, such as Co, Inc, Corp, and Ltd. In the text, do not abbreviate these terms if the company spells them out, eg, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Note that in the text, periods are used with a company namesake’s initials. However, to conserve space in references, abbreviate Company, Corporation, Brothers, Incorporated, Limited, and and (using an ampersand [&]), without punctuation, even if the company expands them, and delete periods even with initials, in accordance with the following examples; and Less

In major articles, authors are listed in a byline, which appears immediately below the title or subtitle. In letters, editorials, book reviews, essays, poems, and news stories, the authors' names may appear as signatures at the end of the text, rather than as a byline under the title. The authors' names and academic degrees are used, as in the byline. Further information given in the signature varies with the journal. The author should consult a recent issue for style and format. | The byline or signature block should contain each author’s full name (unless initials are preferred to full names), Less

Cancer stages are expressed with the use of capital roman numerals: stage I stage II stage III stage IV The term “stage 0” usually indicates carcinoma in situ. Histologic grades are expressed with arabic numerals, eg, grade 2. Letter and numerical suffixes, usually set on the line, may be added to subdivide individual cancer stages, as in the following examples: stage 0a stage 0is stage IA stage IE stage IB2 stage IIIE+S stage IVA stage IVB (E indicates extralymphatic spread; S, splenic involvement [as seen in Hodgkin disease]; “is,” in situ.) | Less

Capital letters are larger than lowercase letters and are used as initial letters in the first word of sentences and for proper names. They are also often used as the initial letter of major words in titles, heads, and subheads. (Caput is Latin for head.) Use of all capital letters in large blocks of text should be avoided as legibility is decreased; other ways should be used to add emphasis if needed., JAMA and the Archives Journals use all capital letters sparingly (eg, for level 1 heads). A dropped cap (a form of initial cap) is an oversized capital letter Less

The SI unit names are written lowercase (eg, kilogram) when spelled out, except for Celsius (as in “degrees Celsius”), which is capitalized. Abbreviations or symbols for SI units also are written lowercase, with the following exceptions: ▪ Abbreviations derived from a proper name should be capitalized (eg, N for newton, K for kelvin, A for ampere), although nonabbreviated SI unit names derived from a proper name are not capitalized (eg, newtons, amperes). ▪ An uppercase letter L is used as the abbreviation for liter to avoid confusion with the lowercase letter l and the number 1. ▪ Certain SI prefixes Less

Capitalize the first letter of each major word in titles and subtitles. Do not capitalize articles (eg, a, an, the), prepositions of 3 or fewer letters, coordinating conjunctions (and, or, for, nor, but), or the to in infinitives. Do capitalize a 2-letter verb, such as Is or Be. Exceptions are made for some expressions, such as compound terms from languages other than English and phrasal verbs: Ethical Questions Surrounding In Vitro Fertilization Permanent Duplex Surveillance of In Situ Saphenous Vein Bypasses Choice of Stents and End Points for Treatment of De Novo Coronary Artery Lesions Weighing In on Bariatric Surgery Less

In titles, subtitles (except in references), headings, table column heads, line art, and at the beginning of sentences, the first non-Greek letter after a lowercase Greek letter should be capitalized.β-Blocker use during pregnancy increases the risk that an infant will be small for gestational age. Do not capitalize the Greek letter itself, unless the word itself normally includes a Greek capital letter. In this case, the first non-Greek letter after the capital letter should be lowercased.β-Hemolytic streptococci were identified. Δ1-3,4-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol is 1 of 2 psychoactive isometric principles in cannabis. For hyphenation in words that contain Greek letters, consult Special Combinations Less

Non-English words should be capitalized and non-English phrases punctuated according to that language’s standard of correctness. Follow language dictionaries and The Chicago Manual of Style. |