15.11 Neurology

Guidelines for electroencephalography (EEG) are available through the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society (formerly the American Electroencephalographic Society; http://www.acns.org) and at the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology website (IFCN; http://www.ifcn.info; formerly the International Federation of Societies for Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology).The International 10 20 System specifies placement of electrodes used in electroencephalography. The 10 20 System, which originated in the 1950s,, is so named because electrodes are spaced 10% or 20% apart along the head (Figure ).The terms used in the 10 20 System are widely used and recognized. They are systematically derived, as follows: ▪ Letters refer to anatomic areas ...Less

Several types of evoked potentials (stimulated electrical signals) may be recorded: brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs), somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs, including various types such as the following, which are not mutually exclusive: short-latency, upper extremity, lower extremity, median nerve, posterior tibial nerve), and visual evoked potentials (VEPs, including pattern [PVEP] and flash [FVEP]). As in EEG, evoked potential testing uses recording electrodes and produces tracings.Electrode terminology resembles that of EEGs (see above), with additional or modified electrodes such as the following, which may be used without expansion:Waveforms recorded in evoked potential testing are identified with P for positive or N ...Less

The following terms are provided for reference (a major source is Nestler et al) (see also , Molecular Medicine). Terms with asterisks need not be expanded; others should be expanded at first mention.Gene symbols for many of the above terms are found in the list of genes in , Genetics, Human Gene Nomenclature. For reference, gene symbols are given below for terms in the preceding list whose abbreviations do not closely resemble the gene symbol: ...Less

Most nerves have names (eg, ulnar nerve or nervus ulnaris). English names are preferred to Latin. For terminology, consult a medical dictionary, anatomy text, or Terminologia Anatomica.The cranial nerves are as follows:Use roman numerals or English names when designating cranial nerves: Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI are responsible for ocular movement. The oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves are responsible for ocular movement.Use ordinals when the numeric adjectival form is used: The third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves are responsible for ocular movement.These entities share a common nomenclature, deriving from spinal anatomic regions: cervical (neck), thoracic (trunk), lumbar (lower back), ...Less

Most nerves have names (eg, ulnar nerve or nervus ulnaris). English names are preferred to Latin. For terminology, consult a medical dictionary, anatomy text, or Terminologia Anatomica.The cranial nerves are as follows:Use roman numerals or English names when designating cranial nerves: Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI are responsible for ocular movement. The oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves are responsible for ocular movement.Use ordinals when the numeric adjectival form is used: The third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves are responsible for ocular movement.These entities share a common nomenclature, deriving from spinal anatomic regions: cervical (neck), thoracic (trunk), lumbar (lower back), ...Less

Polysomnography is the monitoring of various physiologic parameters simultaneously during sleep, including the following: ▪ EEG: standard electrodes are used (see , Electroencephalographic Terms)▪ Electro-oculogram (EOG): tracings are obtained from the left eye and right eye▪ Electromyogram (EMG): submental (chin) EMG, leg muscle EMG, eg, left anterior tibialis, right anterior tibialis▪ Respiratory function, eg, oxygen saturation (SaO2), expired CO2, and tidal volume (Vt) (see , Pulmonary, Respiratory, and Blood Gas Terminology)▪ Electrocardiogram (ECG): see , Cardiology, Electrocardiographic TermsSleep stages are as follows: rapid-eye movement sleep (REM sleep) non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep (NREM sleep) sleep stage 1 sleep stage 2 ...Less