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Occasionally, references may include citation of audiotapes, videotapes, or DVDs. The form for such references is as follows: 1. Moyers B. On Our Own Terms: Moyers on Dying [videotape]. New York, NY: Thirteen/WNET; 2000.2. Ayers S. Terrorism: Medical Response [DVD]. Edgartown, MA: Emergency Film Group; 2002.3. Acland RD. Acland’s DVD Atlas of Human Anatomy [DVD]. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003.Note that the place of the author may be held by the host and the place of the publisher may be held by the distributor.For citation format for books on CD, see , Electronic References, Books and Books on ...Less

Use the author’s surname followed by initials without periods. In listed references, the names of all authors should be given unless there are more than 6, in which case the names of the first 3 authors are used, followed by “et al.” Note: The NLM guidelines do not limit the number of authors listed but, for space considerations, we have elected to depart from the NLM guidelines on this point.Note spacing and punctuation. Do not use and between names. Roman numerals and abbreviations for Junior (Jr) and Senior (Sr) follow author’s initials. Note: Although NLM uses “2nd,” “3rd,” and “4th,” ...Less

The basic format for reference to an Internet-based book is as follows. Note: If the reference is to the entire book, the information about chapter title and inclusive pages is not included.Author(s). Chapter title. In: Editor(s). Book Title. [Edition number, if it is the second edition or above; mention of first edition is not necessary] ed. City, State (or country) of publisher: Publisher’s name; copyright year:inclusive pages. URL: [provide URL and verify that the link still works as close as possible to the time of publication]. Accessed [date].  1. Resnick NM. Geriatric medicine. In: Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Isselbacher KJ, ...Less

Each reference should be cited in the text, tables, or figures in consecutive numerical order by means of superscript arabic numerals. It is acceptable for a reference to be cited only in a table or a figure legend and not in the text if it is in sequence with references cited in the text. For example, if Table 2 contains reference 13, which does not appear in the text, this is acceptable as long as the last reference cited (for the first time) before the first text citation of Table 2 is reference 12.Use arabic superscript numerals outside periods and ...Less

The citation of a case (ie, a court opinion) generally includes, in the following order: ▪ The name of the case (including the v) in italics. To shorten the case name, use only the names of the first party on each side; omit “et al” and “the”; use only the last names of individuals▪ The volume number, abbreviated name, and series number (if any) of the reporter (bound volume of collected cases)▪ The page in the volume on which the case begins and, if applicable, the specific page or pages on which is discussed the point for which the case ...Less

Classical references may deviate from the usual forms in some details. In many instances, the facts of publication are irrelevant and may be omitted. Date of publication should be given when available and pertinent. 1. Shakespeare W. A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Act 2, scene 3, line 24.2. Donne J. Second Anniversary. Verse 243.For classical references, The Chicago Manual of Style may be used as a guide. 3. Aristotle. Metaphysics. 3. 2.966b 5 8.In biblical references, do not abbreviate the names of books. The version may be included parenthetically if the information is provided (see example 4). References to the Bible ...Less

A complete reference to a print book includes the following: 1. Authors' surnames and first and middle initials2. Chapter title (when cited)3. Surname and first and middle initials of book authors or editors (or translator, if any)4. Title of book and subtitle, if any5. Volume number and volume title, when there is more than 1 volume6. Edition number (do not indicate first edition)7. Place of publication (see , Abbreviations, Cities, States, Counties, Territories, Possessions; Provinces; Countries)8. Name of publisher9. Year of copyright10. Page numbers, when specific pages are cited ...Less

In citing data from an online database, include the following elements, if applicable, in the order shown: Author(s). Title of the database [database online]. Publisher’s location (city, state, or, for Canada, city, province, country, or, all others, city, country): publisher’s name; year of publication and/or last update. URL [provide URL and verify that the link still works as close as possible to publication]. Accessed [date].Additional notes that might be helpful or of interest to the reader (eg, date the site was updated or modified) may also be included. 1. PDQ: NCI’s Comprehensive Cancer Database. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 1996. ...Less

References to e-mail and e-mail list messages, like those to other forms of personal communications (see also , Special Print Materials, Unpublished Material), should be listed parenthetically in the text rather than in the reference list and should include the name and highest academic degree(s) of the person who sent the message and the date the message was sent. Note: As with all personal communications, permission should be obtained from the author.An example of an e-mail citation, appearing in running text, is given below: There have been no subsequent reports of toxic reactions in the exposed groups (Joan Smith, MD, ...Less

Use arabic numerals to indicate an edition, even if the publisher has used roman numerals, but do not indicate a first edition. If a subsequent edition is cited, the number should be given. Abbreviate “New revised edition” as “New rev ed”; “Revised edition” as “Rev ed”; “American edition” as “American ed”; and “British edition” as “British ed.” 1. Glinoer D. Thyroid disease during pregnancy. In: Braverman LE, Utiger RE, eds. Werner and Ingbar’s The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000:1013-1027.2. Pratt-Johnson JA, Tilson G. Management of Strabismus and Amblyopia. 2nd ed. ...Less