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Several types of published abstracts may be cited: (1) an abstract of a complete article taken from another publication, as in the Abstracts section of JAMA, (2) a rewritten abstract of a published article with an appended commentary, and (3) an abstract published in the society proceedings of a journal. (For examples of abstracts presented at meetings, published or unpublished, see , Special Print Materials, Serial Publications, and , Special Print Materials, Unpublished Material.) Ideally, reference to any of these types of abstracts should be permitted only when the original article is not readily available (eg, non English-language articles or Less

Occasionally, references may include citation of audiotapes, videotapes, or DVDs. The form for such references is as follows: 1. Moyers B. On Our Own Terms: Moyers on Dying [videotape]. New York, NY: Thirteen/WNET; 2000. 2. Ayers S. Terrorism: Medical Response [DVD]. Edgartown, MA: Emergency Film Group; 2002. 3. Acland RD. Acland’s DVD Atlas of Human Anatomy [DVD]. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003. Note that the place of the author may be held by the host and the place of the publisher may be held by the distributor. For citation format for books on CD, see , Electronic References, Less

Use the author’s surname followed by initials without periods. In listed references, the names of all authors should be given unless there are more than 6, in which case the names of the first 3 authors are used, followed by “et al.” Note: The NLM guidelines do not limit the number of authors listed but, for space considerations, we have elected to depart from the NLM guidelines on this point. Note spacing and punctuation. Do not use and between names. Roman numerals and abbreviations for Junior (Jr) and Senior (Sr) follow author’s initials. Note: Although NLM uses “2nd,” “3rd,” and Less

The basic format for reference to an Internet-based book is as follows. Note: If the reference is to the entire book, the information about chapter title and inclusive pages is not included.Author(s). Chapter title. In: Editor(s). Book Title. [Edition number, if it is the second edition or above; mention of first edition is not necessary] ed. City, State (or country) of publisher: Publisher’s name; copyright year:inclusive pages. URL: [provide URL and verify that the link still works as close as possible to the time of publication]. Accessed [date].   1. Resnick NM. Geriatric medicine. In: Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Isselbacher Less

Each reference should be cited in the text, tables, or figures in consecutive numerical order by means of superscript arabic numerals. It is acceptable for a reference to be cited only in a table or a figure legend and not in the text if it is in sequence with references cited in the text. For example, if Table 2 contains reference 13, which does not appear in the text, this is acceptable as long as the last reference cited (for the first time) before the first text citation of Table 2 is reference 12. Use arabic superscript numerals outside periods Less

The citation of a case (ie, a court opinion) generally includes, in the following order: ▪ The name of the case (including the v) in italics. To shorten the case name, use only the names of the first party on each side; omit “et al” and “the”; use only the last names of individuals ▪ The volume number, abbreviated name, and series number (if any) of the reporter (bound volume of collected cases) ▪ The page in the volume on which the case begins and, if applicable, the specific page or pages on which is discussed the point for which Less

Classical references may deviate from the usual forms in some details. In many instances, the facts of publication are irrelevant and may be omitted. Date of publication should be given when available and pertinent. 1. Shakespeare W. A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Act 2, scene 3, line 24. 2. Donne J. Second Anniversary. Verse 243. For classical references, The Chicago Manual of Style may be used as a guide. 3. Aristotle. Metaphysics. 3. 2.966b 5 8. In biblical references, do not abbreviate the names of books. The version may be included parenthetically if the information is provided (see example 4). References Less

A complete print journal reference includes the following: ▪ Authors' surnames and initials ▪ Title of article and subtitle, if any ▪ Abbreviated name of journal ▪ Year ▪ Volume number ▪ Issue number ▪ Part or supplement number, when pertinent ▪ Inclusive page numbers | Less

A complete reference to a print book includes the following: 1. Authors' surnames and first and middle initials 2. Chapter title (when cited) 3. Surname and first and middle initials of book authors or editors (or translator, if any) 4. Title of book and subtitle, if any 5. Volume number and volume title, when there is more than 1 volume 6. Edition number (do not indicate first edition) 7. Place of publication (see , Abbreviations, Cities, States, Counties, Territories, Possessions; Provinces; Countries) 8. Name of publisher 9. Year of copyright 10. Page numbers, when specific pages are cited | Less

If the reference citation is to an article with a published correction, provide both the information about the article and the information about the published correction, if available, as follows. 1. Korpi A, Mantyjarvi R, Rautiainen J, et al. Detection of mouse and rat urinary aeroallergens with an improved ELISA [published correction appears in J Allergy Clin Immnol. 2004;113(6):1226]. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(4):677-682. | Less