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Abstract and Introduction
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
UPDATE: We will discontinue using quotation marks to identify parts of an article, but retain the capitalization; eg, This is discussed in the Methods section (not the “Methods” section). This change ...
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Case Series
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
A case series describes characteristics of a group of patients with a particular disease or patients who have undergone a particular procedure. A case series may also involve observation of larger ...
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Case-Control Studies
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
Case-control studies, which are always retrospective, compare those who have had an outcome or event () with those who have not (). Cases and controls are then evaluated for exposure to various and ...
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Cohort Studies
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
A prospective cohort study follows a group or of individuals who are initially free of the outcome of interest. Individuals in a cohort generally share some underlying characteristic, such as age, ...
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Cost-effectiveness Analysis, Cost-Benefit Analysis
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
Although a treatment or screening technique may be shown to be effective in an RCT, recommending it in general practice would not necessarily be rational. Such interventions may be prohibitively ...
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Crossover Trials
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
In a crossover trial, participants receive more than 1 of the treatments under investigation, usually in a randomly determined sequence, and with a prespecified amount of time (a ) between sequential ...
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Discussion (Comment)
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
Whether the hypothesis was supported or refuted by the results should be addressed. The study result should be placed in context of published literature. The limitations of the study should be ...
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Equivalence and Noninferiority Trials
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
It is sometimes desirable to compare a less expensive treatment or intervention against a treatment or intervention that is already known to be effective. In these cases, it would be unethical to ...
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Glossary of Statistical Terms
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
UPDATE: The terms multivariable and multivariate are not synonymous, as the entries in the Glossary of Statistical Terms suggest (Chapter 20.9, page 881 in the print). To be accurate, multivariable ...
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The Manuscript: Presenting Study Design, Rationale, and Statistical Analysis
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
Each portion of the manuscript should contribute to the reader’s understanding of why and how the study was done and should help persuade the reader that (1) the hypothesis or study question is ...
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Meta-analysis
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
Meta-analysis is a systematic pooling of the results of 2 or more studies to address a question of interest or hypothesis. According to Moher and Olkin, [Meta-analyses] provide a systematic and ...
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Methods
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
UPDATE: We will discontinue using quotation marks to identify parts of an article, but retain the capitalization; eg, This is discussed in the Methods section (not the “Methods” section). This change ...
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Observational Studies
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
In an observational study, the researcher identifies a condition or outcome of interest and then measures factors that may be related to that outcome. Although observational studies cannot lead to ...
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Parallel-Design Double-blind Trials
AMA Manual of Style Committee
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
In this study design, participants are assigned to only 1 treatment group of the study. These trials are generally designed to assess whether 1 or more treatments are superior to the others. ...
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Randomized Controlled Trials
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
The randomized controlled trial (RCT) generally leads to the strongest inferences about the effect of medical treatments. Randomized controlled trials assess efficacy of the treatment intervention in ...
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Results
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
UPDATE: We will discontinue using quotation marks to identify parts of an article, but retain the capitalization; eg, This is discussed in the Methods section (not the “Methods” section). This change ...
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Rounding
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
The digits to the right of the last significant digit are rounded up or down. If the digit to the right of the last significant digit is less than 5, the last significant digit is not changed. If the ...
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Significant Digits
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
The use of a numeral in a numbers column (eg, the ones column) implies that the method of measurement is accurate to that level of precision. For example, when a reporter attempts to estimate the ...
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Significant Digits and Rounding Numbers
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
When numbers are expressed in scientific and biomedical articles, they should reflect the degree of accuracy of the original measurement. Numbers obtained from mathematical calculations should be ...
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Statistical Symbols and Abbreviations
Margaret A. Winker and Stephen J. Lurie
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
The following may be used without expansion except where noted by an asterisk. For a term expanded at first mention, the abbreviation may be placed in parentheses after the expanded term and the ...
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