15 Nomenclature

Clusters of differentiation (CDs) are a system for identifying cellular surface markers, a number of which define lymphocyte subsets (see , Lymphocytes). The system and its nomenclature were formalized in a 1982 international workshop. Originally CD terms specified the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that clustered statistically in their reactivities to target cells. More recently, the CD terms apply to the cellular molecules themselves. The CDs, which now number more than 200 (and may eventually number in the thousands), are defined at the Human Cell Differentiation Molecules workshops (formerly Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen Workshops). Workshops involve “multiple laboratories examining coded panels of ...Less

See also , Molecular Medicine.These descriptive terms do not require expansion:Expand these terms at first mention:If an expansion is given, use at first mention. Otherwise, terms may be used without expansion.Expand the following lipoproteins and related terms at first mention:Expand apo as apolipoprotein at first mention of terms such as the following: ...Less

The chemical name describes a drug in terms of its chemical structure.(p9) Chemical names are provided in the American Chemical Society’s Chemical Abstracts (information available at http://www.cas.org/PRINTED/printca.html) and can be listed in 1 of 2 ways; the first reflects the way in which Chemical Abstracts indexes inverted chemical names: hydrazinecarboxyimidamide, 2-[-(2,6-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl]-, sulfate, (2:1)The second is the uninverted form: 2-[-(2,6-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl] hydrazinecarboxyimidamide sulfate, (2:1)Both forms follow the recommendations of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Each chemical is also designated a registry number with the Chemical Abstract Society (information available at ...Less

Chemokines comprise a family of about 40 low-molecular-weight cytokines (see , Cytokines) with important roles in the immune system, as well as functions beyond it. The name chemokine, a contraction of “chemotactic cytokine,” reflects the common property, by which chemokines were originally identified, of promoting leukocyte chemotaxis.Chemokines are classified into 4 subfamilies, based on their cysteine (C) residues and other amino-acid (X) residues (see , Genetics, Nucleic Acids and Amino Acids):Examples of specific chemokines, by subfamily, are shown below:Expanded common names of the chemokines are often unwieldy and uninformative and so are rarely used, though use of the abbreviations persists. ...Less

A code designation is a temporary designation assigned to a product by the institution or manufacturer and may be used to refer to a drug under development before a nonproprietary name has been assigned. Codes may be numeric, alphabetic, or alphanumeric; letters in alphanumeric codes designate the institution or manufacturer assigning the code designation of the drug, and are followed by numbers to designate the chemical compound.(p15)Once a nonproprietary name has been assigned, code designations become obsolete and are rarely used in medical publications. If both the code and the nonproprietary name are provided, such as in discussion of the ...Less

For combination products (mixtures), the names of the active ingredients should be provided. The proprietary name of the combination may be given in parentheses if necessary to clarify the product to which the article refers.pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and triprolidine hydrochloride (Actifed) povidone and hydroxyethylcellulose (Adsorbotear)If the list of active ingredients is too long to use when referring to the combination product, the active ingredients should be listed at first mention and either an abbreviation or the proprietary name used thereafter.The patient reported having taken several doses of Vanex HD, a liquid suspension of hydrocodone bitartrate, 10 mg, phenylephrine hydrochloride, 30 mg, ...Less

It is estimated that one C3b deposited on an organ-ism can become four million in about 4 min. M. K. Liszewski and J. P. Atkinson(p922)The term complement refers to a group of serum proteins activated sequentially and rapidly in a cascade that produces molecules providing resistance to pathogens. The system was named in 1899 for its complementarity with antibodies in destroying microbes.Current nomenclature derives largely from the 1968 World Health Organization Bulletin “Nomenclature of Complement,” with subsequent modifications as mechanisms of action were further elucidated.Three complement activation pathways are recognized: the classical pathway (activation by antibody), the alternative pathway (despite the ...Less

Guidelines are available for nomenclature of coronary artery segments, used in coronary artery catheterization and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow (TIMI flow).The TIMI flow is expressed as grade 0, grade 1, grade 2, or grade 3, from lowest flow (or severest lesion) to highest flow. ...Less

… some viruses subvert the immune response byproducing homologs of mammalian cytokines ortheir receptors. J. J. Oppenheim and M. Feldmann(p7)Cytokines are proteins or glycoproteins produced after stimulation (such as activation of immune cells) that act at short distances in very low concentrations to produce various effects, such as immune and inflammatory reactions, repair processes, and cell growth and differentiation., Each cytokine has multiple effects and overlaps with other cytokines, including structurally dissimilar ones, in those effects. The multiple effects (pleiotropy) are explained by the presence of cytokine receptors on a wide variety of cells, and the overlap (redundancy) by structural similarities ...Less

The American Psychiatric Association has published 5 editions of a manual for the classification of mental disorders. Each edition has been titled Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and has used the abbreviation DSM: DSM-I (1952) DSM-II (1968) DSM-III (1980) DSM-III-R (1987) DSM-IV (1994)Using DSM-IV as an example, these books should be cited as follows: American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.A text revision of DSM-IV was published in 2000 as Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, abbreviated DSM-IV-TR. This book is a ...Less