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Symbols and their subgrouping into main symbols and modifiers are consistent with approved nomenclature formulated circa 1980 by the Commission of Respiratory Physiology (International Union of Physiological Sciences) and the Publications Committee of the American Physiological Society., The following groupings of pulmonary-respiratory symbols are adapted from Fishman.Main symbols are typically capital letters set on the line and are the first elements of an expression. The same letter may stand for one entity in respiratory mechanics and another in gas exchange (eg, P stands for pressure in respiratory mechanics and partial pressure in gas exchange). The following are examples (note dots ...Less

Formal tables in scientific articles conventionally contain 5 major elements: title, column headings, stubs (row headings), body (data field) consisting of individual cells (data points), and footnotes (Example ). Details pertaining to elements of style for table construction vary among publications; what follows is based on the general style of JAMA and the Archives Journals.Each table should have a brief, specific, descriptive title, usually written as a phrase rather than as a sentence, that distinguishes the table from other data displays in the article. The title should convey the topic of the table succinctly but should not provide detailed background ...Less

Because of their ability to present detailed information effectively and in ways that text alone cannot, tables are an essential component of many scientific articles. Tables can summarize, organize, and condense complex or detailed data and therefore are commonly used to present study results.The purpose of a table is to present data or information and support statements in the text. Information in the table must be accurate and consistent with that in the text in content and style. A properly designed and constructed table should be able to stand independently, without requiring explanation from the text.A table displays information arranged ...Less

Tables that contain important supplementary information that is too extensive to be published in the journal article may be made available from other sources. These tables may be available from the author or by electronic means (eg, online database, journal website, CD-ROM). Supplementary tables posted on the JAMA and Archives Journals website undergo review and editing because they are considered part of the journal’s content. ...Less

The Celsius scale (°C) is used for temperature measurement rather than the base SI unit for temperature, the kelvin (K), which has little application in medicine. Although both kelvin and Celsius scales have the same interval value for temperature differences, they differ in their absolute values. For example, a temperature of 273.15 K is equal to 0°C. Temperature values generally are reported in degrees Celsius, and values given in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) are converted to degrees Celsius (°C).(°F − 32)(0.556) = °C ...Less

Tense indicates the time relation of a verb: present (I am), past (I was), future (I will be), present perfect (I have been), past perfect (I had been), and future perfect (I will have been). It is important to choose the verb that expresses the time that is intended. It is equally important to maintain consistency of tense.The present tense is used to express a general truth, a statement of fact, or something continuingly true.He discovered enzymes RNA polymerases that directly copy [not copied] the messages encoded in DNA.For this reason, the present tense is often used to refer to ...Less

The following terms are commonly used in radiology.b value The b factor or b value is associated with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (diffusion-weighted MRI or DWI). It measures “strength (intensity and timing) of the diffusion gradient”; units are seconds per square millimeter.maximum b value of 1221 s/mm2 Four gradient strengths were applied, resulting in b values of 0 and 1000 s/mm2 applied sequentially in the X, Y, and Z gradient directions.Doppler See , Cardiology, Echocardiography.echo train A sequence of echoes. “Echo train is not a unit of measure” but is expressed as in these examples: echo train length 5 echo ...Less

The exact and complete titles of tests and subscales of tests should be capitalized. The word test is not usually capitalized except when it is part of the official name of the test. Always verify exact names of any tests with the author or with reference sources. ...Less

Titles of theses and dissertations are given in italics. References to theses should include the location of the university (or other institution), its name, and year of completion of the thesis. If the thesis has been published, it should be treated as any other book reference (see , References to Print Books, Complete Data). 1. Fenster SD. Cloning and Characterization of Piccolo, a Novel Component of the Presynaptic Cytoskeletal Matrix [dissertation]. Birmingham: University of Alabama; 2000.2. Undeman C. Fully Automatic Segmentation of MRI Brain Images Using Probabilistic Diffusion and a Watershed Scale-Space Approach [master's thesis]. Stockholm, Sweden: NADA, Royal Institute ...Less

The SI unit for time is the second, although minute, hour, and day also are used. Other units of time, such as week, month, and year, are not part of the SI but also are used. The abbreviations for minute, hour, and day are min, h, and d, respectively, and the abbreviations for week, month, and year are wk, mo, and y, respectively. These abbreviations are used in tables, figures, virgule constructions, and within parentheses. (See , Abbreviations, Units of Measure.) ...Less