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There is no “official” classification of bacteria…[B]acterial classifications are devised for micro-biologists, not for the entities being classified.Bacteria show little interest in the matter of theirclassification. D. J. Brenner, J. T. Staley, and N. R. Krieg(p31) … the majority of bacteria in nature have not beengrown or characterized. R. G. E. Murray and John G. Holt(p2)For general guidelines on biological nomenclature that apply to bacteria, see , Biological Nomenclature. Rules for bacterial nomenclature are found in the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. Sources of bacterial names available on the Web are the List of Prokaryotic Names With Standing in Nomenclature and ...Less

The SI is based on 7 fundamental units (base units) that refer to 7 basic quantities of measurement (see the tabulation below). These units form the structure from which other measurement quantities are composed.Although not included among the 7 base units, the liter is widely used in the SI as a fundamental measure of capacity or volume. The liter is the recommended unit for measurement of volume for liquids and gases, whereas the cubic meter is the SI unit of volume for solids. Although the kelvin is the SI unit for thermodynamic temperature, the degree Celsius is used with the ...Less

Good design arranges text and objects in a manner that invites and leads the reader through the composed page or material and enhances legibility and comprehension., The basic elements of design that affect typography include the following: ▪ Contrast: This refers to the contrast between dark and light type and large and small units of information (such as title and byline, side heads and subheads, and text). In addition, the evenness of darkness or blackness of letters and characters affects legibility; this evenness depends on the specific typeface used as well as spacing between letters, words, and lines (see also ...Less

Use words for any number that begins a sentence, title, subtitle, or heading. However, it may be better to reword the sentence so that it does not begin with a number.Three hundred twenty-eight men and 126 women were included in the study. Better: The study population comprised 328 men and 126 women.  Participants: Seventy-two thousand three hundred thirty-seven postmenopausal women aged 34 to 77 years. Better: Participants: A total of 72 337 postmenopausal women aged 34 to 77 years.  Three patients were identified; 2 had hypertension and 1 had diabetes.Numerals may be used in sentences that begin with a specific ...Less

A unit of measure that follows a number at the beginning of a sentence, title, or subtitle should not be abbreviated, even though the same unit of measure is abbreviated if it appears elsewhere in the same sentence. (See , Numbers and Percentages, Spelling Out Numbers, Beginning a Sentence, Title, Subtitle, or Heading; and , Numbers and Percentages, Spelling Out Numbers, Common Fractions.) ...Less

The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology, dating to 1988, is a standardized, systematic means of reporting Papanicolaou test results. Resources are the published handbook (the “blue book”) and the website (http://www.cytopathology.org/NIH).Expand the following abbreviations at first mention. Punctuate as shown:In the following examples, unexpanded abbreviations are assumed to have been previously defined in the text: Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs) have been described as a benign cytologic consequence of active human papillomavirus (HPV) replication. Several studies have reported that certain behavioral and biological risks exist for LSIL, suggesting that HPV alone is not sufficient for the development of LSIL. ...Less

Scientific names are labels used in place of lengthy descriptions. A scientific name corresponds to a set of formally defined attributes. The meanings of scientific names are internationally understood.Vernacular names or common names are also labels. Vernacular names seen in medical publications include fungi, prokaryotes, meningococcus, and St John’s wort. Vernacular names cannot be assumed to correspond to formally defined sets of attributes and vary by region and language.In scientific writing, scientific names should be used when the labeled entity verifiably corresponds to the set of attributes associated with the scientific name, at least at first mention. Subsequently vernacular names ...Less

If material quoted from texts or speeches is longer than 4 lines of text, the material should be set off in a block, ie, in reduced type and without the quotation marks. Paragraph indents are generally not used unless the quoted material is known to begin a paragraph. Space is often added both above and below these longer quotations.If the block quotation appears in a section to be set in reduced type, do not reduce the type size of the quoted material further.If another quotation appears within a block quote, use double quotation marks around the contained quotation, rather than ...Less

Blood groups are characterized by erythrocyte (red blood cell) antigens with common immunologic properties (eg, group A). Blood group systems are series of such antigens encoded by a single gene or by a cluster of 2 or 3 closely linked homologous genes (eg, ABO system).There are about 600 recognized erythrocyte antigens. The International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) designates around 270 blood group antigens. Of these, around 250 belong to 1 of 29 systems., (Other antigens remain in officially designated series or collections.) Some antigens are erythrocyte-specific; others appear widely, but specifically, on cells of other organs and tissues.The discovery ...Less

[A]lthough erythrocytes have traditionally beenconsidered relatively inert cellular containers ofhemoglobin, they are in fact active in a varietyof physiologic processes.  L. Calhoun and L. D. Petz(p1843)Blood groups are characterized by erythrocyte (red blood cell) antigens with common immunologic properties (eg, group A). Blood group systems are series of such antigens encoded by a single gene or by a cluster of 2 or 3 closely linked homologous genes (eg, ABO system).There are about 600 recognized erythrocyte antigens. The International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) designates around 270 blood group antigens. Of these, around 250 belong to 1 of 29 systems., (Other antigens ...Less