Browse

The SI unit names are written lowercase (eg, kilogram) when spelled out, except for Celsius (as in “degrees Celsius”), which is capitalized. Abbreviations or symbols for SI units also are written lowercase, with the following exceptions: ▪ Abbreviations derived from a proper name should be capitalized (eg, N for newton, K for kelvin, A for ampere), although nonabbreviated SI unit names derived from a proper name are not capitalized (eg, newtons, amperes).▪ An uppercase letter L is used as the abbreviation for liter to avoid confusion with the lowercase letter l and the number 1.▪ Certain SI prefixes are capitalized ...Less

Capitalize the first letter of each major word in titles and subtitles. Do not capitalize articles (eg, a, an, the), prepositions of 3 or fewer letters, coordinating conjunctions (and, or, for, nor, but), or the to in infinitives. Do capitalize a 2-letter verb, such as Is or Be. Exceptions are made for some expressions, such as compound terms from languages other than English and phrasal verbs: Ethical Questions Surrounding In Vitro Fertilization Permanent Duplex Surveillance of In Situ Saphenous Vein Bypasses Choice of Stents and End Points for Treatment of De Novo Coronary Artery Lesions Weighing In on Bariatric Surgery ...Less

In titles, subtitles (except in references), headings, table column heads, line art, and at the beginning of sentences, the first non-Greek letter after a lowercase Greek letter should be capitalized.β-Blocker use during pregnancy increases the risk that an infant will be small for gestational age.Do not capitalize the Greek letter itself, unless the word itself normally includes a Greek capital letter. In this case, the first non-Greek letter after the capital letter should be lowercased.β-Hemolytic streptococci were identified. Δ1-3,4-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol is 1 of 2 psychoactive isometric principles in cannabis.For hyphenation in words that contain Greek letters, consult Special Combinations in , ...Less

Non-English words should be capitalized and non-English phrases punctuated according to that language’s standard of correctness. Follow language dictionaries and The Chicago Manual of Style. ...

Although main entries have traditionally featured initial capitals to distinguish them from subentries, The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, recommends lowercase, except when the entry term would begin with a capital, eg, proper nouns. This is especially worthwhile in biomedical publications, in which capitalization may be complex and may distinguish otherwise identical terms.AFP. See α-fetoproteinAfp, 98AFP, 103 Brca1, 112BRCA1, 54, 804 809breast cancer, 50 57, 110 113, 801 815 Haemophilus influenzae Rd, 998hepatitis, 1015 1028HindIII, 698 LPL. See lipoprotein lipaseLPL, 1092 Staphylococcus aureus, 1056 1077. See also staphylococci ...Less

Use initial capitals with computer commands, functions, or features.Please do not press the Back button on your browser until we have finished processing your request. Enter one or more search terms and click Go. Items in the History folder will be deleted after 90 days.The word e-mail takes a lowercase letter in JAMA and Archives Journals style except when it starts a sentence.Please send e-mail messages to my work address. E-mail submissions are preferred. ...Less

Several areas of cardiology use simple letter terms and alphanumeric terms that need not be expanded at first mention.International standardization of electrocardiographic nomenclature dates back to the mid-20th century.The preferred abbreviation for electrocardiogram and electrocardiographic in JAMA and the Archives Journals is ECG, not EKG. In the following examples of ECG terms note the use of capitals, lowercase letters, subscripts, and hyphens.Leads (recording electrodes) are designated as follows: Example: The abnormality appeared in leads V3 through V6 [not V3-V6 or V3-6].The main deflections of the ECG (see Figure ) are named in alphabetical sequence (P, Q, R, S, T, U), ...Less

A case series describes characteristics of a group of patients with a particular disease or patients who have undergone a particular procedure. A case series may also involve observation of larger units such as groups of hospitals or municipalities, as well as smaller units such as laboratory samples. Case series may be used to formulate a case definition of a disease or describe the experience of an individual or institution in treating a disease or performing a type of procedure. Case series should comprise consecutive patients or observations seen by the individual or institution to minimize selection bias. A case ...Less

Case-control studies, which are always retrospective, compare those who have had an outcome or event (cases) with those who have not (controls). Cases and controls are then evaluated for exposure to various risk factors and thus should never be selected on the basis of their exposure to the risk factors under investigation. Cases and controls generally are matched according to specific characteristics (eg, age, sex, or duration of disease) to reduce confounding by these variables. However, if the matched variables are inextricably linked with the exposure of interest (not necessarily with the disease or outcome of interest), matching may confound ...Less

Clusters of differentiation (CDs) are a system for identifying cellular surface markers, a number of which define lymphocyte subsets (see , Lymphocytes). The system and its nomenclature were formalized in a 1982 international workshop. Originally CD terms specified the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that clustered statistically in their reactivities to target cells. More recently, the CD terms apply to the cellular molecules themselves. The CDs, which now number more than 200 (and may eventually number in the thousands), are defined at the Human Cell Differentiation Molecules workshops (formerly Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen Workshops). Workshops involve “multiple laboratories examining coded panels of ...Less