22 Typography

A general scheme of heads and side heads may call for the use of boldface type for first- and second-level heads and for first-level side heads in the text, although heading styles and formats vary among journals (see also , Manuscript Preparation, Parts of a Manuscript, Headings, Subheadings, and Side Headings). For example: METHODS (level 1 head, flush left, bold caps) Statistical Analysis (level 2 head, bold caps and lowercase) Clustering Data. (level 3 head or first-level side head, paragraph indent, run into the text, bold caps and lowercase).Boldface may also be used in text to call out references to ...Less

Capital letters are larger than lowercase letters and are used as initial letters in the first word of sentences and for proper names. They are also often used as the initial letter of major words in titles, heads, and subheads. (Caput is Latin for head.) Use of all capital letters in large blocks of text should be avoided as legibility is decreased; other ways should be used to add emphasis if needed., JAMA and the Archives Journals use all capital letters sparingly (eg, for level 1 heads).A dropped cap (a form of initial cap) is an oversized capital letter of ...Less

Italics is a form of roman type style that slants to the right. Italics have multiple uses. However, setting large blocks of body text in italics should be avoided because legibility is reduced. Use italics as follows: ▪ For level 4 heads (second-level side heads)▪ When terms are described as terms, and letters as letters (see also , Punctuation, Quotation Marks, Coined Words, Slang, and , Punctuation, Apostrophe, Using Apostrophes to Form Plurals): The page number is called the folio. In his handwriting the n’s look like u's.▪ For titles of books and journals, proceedings, symposia, plays, paintings, long poems, ...Less

Lowercase letters are smaller than capital (or uppercase) letters and are differently configured (eg, a, A). The term lowercase originates from the earlier use of manually set wooden or metal characters that were kept by compositors in 2 cases; the lower case contained the smaller letters and the upper case contained the larger capital letters. Sentences are typically set with the initial letter of the first word of a sentence as a capital letter and all other letters lowercase. In titles, the initial letter of each major word is set as a capital letter and all other letters are lowercase. ...Less

In this typeface style, all the letters take the shape of a capital letter. However, in the place of lowercase letters, smaller capital letters are used. The small caps generally, but not always, align with the same x-height as the regular roman face, in the same typeface. Use small capital letters as follows: ▪ am and pm in time (see also , Units of Measure, Conventional Units and SI Units in JAMA and the Archives Journals, Time)▪ bc, bce, ce, and ad (see also , Abbreviations, Days of the Week, Months, Eras)▪ Some prefixes in chemical formulas (l for levo-, ...Less

Lowercase letters are smaller than capital (or uppercase) letters and are differently configured (eg, a, A). The term lowercase originates from the earlier use of manually set wooden or metal characters that were kept by compositors in 2 cases; the lower case contained the smaller letters and the upper case contained the larger capital letters. Sentences are typically set with the initial letter of the first word of a sentence as a capital letter and all other letters lowercase. In titles, the initial letter of each major word is set as a capital letter and all other letters are lowercase. ...Less