Mathematical Composition
21.1 Copy Marking
21.2 Displayed vs Run-In
21.3 Stacked vs Unstacked
21.4 Exponents
21.4.1 Fractional Exponents vs Radicals
21.4.2 Negative Exponents
21.4.3 Logarithmic Expressions
21.5 Long Formulas
21.6 Expressing Multiplication and Division
21.7 Commonly Used Symbols
21.8 Typography and Capitalization
21.9 Punctuation
21.10 Spacing With Mathematical Symbols
Mathematical formulas and other expressions involving special symbols, character positions, and relationships may present difficulties in clarity in print and online publications. Careful markup (clarifying the symbols used and superior and inferior characters), avoidance of ambiguity through proper use of parentheses and brackets, and adherence to typographic conventions and capitalization rules in equations require special note (see also 8.5, Punctuation, Parentheses and Brackets, and 22.0, Typography).