Plurals
AMA Manual of Style Committee
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- Print Publication Date:
- Mar 2007
- Print ISBN-13:
- 9780195176339
- Published to AMA Manual of Style:
- Apr 2009
- DOI:
- 10.1093/jama/9780195176339.001.0001
© American Medical Association
Contents
- Front Matter
- Section 1 Preparing an Article for Publication
- 1 Types of Articles
- 2 Manuscript Preparation
- 2.1 Titles and Subtitles
- 2.2 Bylines and End-of-Text Signatures
- 2.3 Footnotes to Title Page
- 2.4 Running Foot
- 2.5 Abstract
- 2.6 Keywords
- 2.7 Epigraphs
- 2.8 Parts of a Manuscript, Headings, Subheadings, and Side Headings
- 2.9 Addenda
- 2.10 Acknowledgment Section
- 2.10.1 Acceptance Date
- 2.10.2 Online Publication Ahead of Print
- 2.10.3 Affiliation Notes That Would Not Fit on Page 1
- 2.10.4 Correspondence Address
- 2.10.5 Author Contributions
- 2.10.6 List of Participants in a Group Study
- 2.10.7 Financial Disclosure
- 2.10.8 Funding/Support
- 2.10.9 Role of the Sponsor
- 2.10.10 Independent Statistical Analysis
- 2.10.11 Disclaimer
- 2.10.12 Previous Presentations
- 2.10.13 Additional Information (Miscellaneous Acknowledgments)
- 2.10.14 Additional Contributions
- 2.10.15 Preferred Citation Format
- 2.11 Appendixes
- 2.12 Online-Only (Supplementary) Material
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 3 References
- 3.1 Reference Style and the Uniform Requirements
- 3.2 Reference List
- 3.3 References Given in Text
- 3.4 Minimum Acceptable Data for References
- 3.5 Numbering
- 3.6 Citation
- 3.7 Authors
- 3.8 Prefixes and Particles
- 3.9 Titles
- 3.10 Subtitles
- 3.11 References to Print Journals
- 3.11.1 Complete Data
- 3.11.2 Names of Journals
- 3.11.3 Page Numbers and Dates
- 3.11.4 Discontinuous Pagination
- 3.11.5 Journals Without Volume or Issue Numbers
- 3.11.6 Parts of an Issue
- 3.11.7 Special or Theme Issue
- 3.11.8 Supplements
- 3.11.9 Abstracts and Other Material Taken From Another Source
- 3.11.10 Special Department, Feature, or Column of a Journal
- 3.11.11 Other Material Without Named Author(s) or With Named Authors and a Group Name
- 3.11.12 Discussants
- 3.11.13 Corrections
- 3.11.14 Retractions
- 3.11.15 Duplicate Publication
- 3.12 References to Print Books
- 3.12.1 Complete Data
- 3.12.2 Reference to an Entire Book
- 3.12.3 References to Monographs
- 3.12.4 Reference to a Chapter in a Book
- 3.12.5 Editors and Translators
- 3.12.6 Volume Number
- 3.12.7 Edition Number
- 3.12.8 Place of Publication
- 3.12.9 Publishers
- 3.12.10 Year of Publication
- 3.12.11 Page Numbers or Chapter Number
- 3.13 Special Print Materials
- 3.13.1 Newspapers
- 3.13.2 Government or Agency Bulletins
- 3.13.3 Serial Publications
- 3.13.4 Theses and Dissertations
- 3.13.5 Special Collections
- 3.13.6 Package Inserts
- 3.13.7 Patents
- 3.13.8 Unpublished Material
- 3.13.9 Personal Communications
- 3.13.10 Secondary Citations and Quotations (Including Press Releases)
- 3.13.11 Classical References
- 3.14 Other Media
- 3.15 Electronic References
- 3.15.1 Online Journals
- 3.15.2 Books and Books on CD-ROM
- 3.15.3 Websites
- 3.15.4 Online Newspapers
- 3.15.5 Government/Organization Reports
- 3.15.6 Software
- 3.15.7 Software Manual or Guide
- 3.15.8 Databases
- 3.15.9 E-mail and E-mail List (Listserve) Messages
- 3.15.10 Online Conference Proceedings/Presentations
- 3.15.11 News Releases and Miscellaneous
- 3.15.12 Legal References
- 3.16 US Legal References
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 4 Visual Presentation of Data
- 4.1 Tables
- 4.2 Figures
- 4.2.1 Statistical Graphs
- 4.2.2 Diagrams
- 4.2.3 Maps
- 4.2.4 Illustrations
- 4.2.5 Photographs and Clinical Imaging
- 4.2.6 Components of Figures
- 4.2.7 Titles, Legends, and Labels
- 4.2.8 Placement of Figures in the Text
- 4.2.9 Figures Reproduced or Adapted From Other Sources
- 4.2.10 Guidelines for Preparing and Submitting Figures
- 4.2.11 Consent for Identifiable Patients
- 4.3 Nontabular Material
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Additional Reading and General Reference
- 5 Ethical and Legal Considerations
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 5.1 Authorship Responsibility
- 5.1.1 Authorship: Definition, Criteria, Contributions, and Requirements
- 5.1.2 Guest and Ghost Authors
- 5.1.3 Unsigned Editorials, Anonymous Authors, Pseudonymous Authors
- 5.1.4 Number of Authors
- 5.1.5 Order of Authorship
- 5.1.6 Changes in Authorship
- 5.1.7 Group and Collaborative Authorship
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.2 Acknowledgments
- 5.2.1 Acknowledging Support, Assistance, and Contributions of Those Who Are Not Authors
- 5.2.2 Group and Collaborative Author Lists
- 5.2.3 Author Contributions
- 5.2.4 Authors' Conflicts of Interests and Financial Disclosures
- 5.2.5 Access to Data Statement
- 5.2.6 Funding and Role of Sponsors
- 5.2.7 Acknowledgment Elements and Order of Elements
- 5.2.8 Permission to Name Individuals
- 5.2.9 Personal Communication and Credit Lines
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.3 Duplicate Publication
- 5.4 Scientific Misconduct
- 5.4.1 Misrepresentation: Fabrication, Falsification, and Omission
- 5.4.2 Misappropriation: Plagiarism and Breaches of Confidentiality
- 5.4.3 Inappropriate Manipulation of Digital Images
- 5.4.4 Editorial Policy and Procedures for Detecting and Handling Allegations of Scientific Misconduct
- 5.4.5 Retractions, Expressions of Concern
- 5.4.6 Allegations Involving Unresolved Questions of Scientific Misconduct
- 5.4.7 Allegations Involving Manuscripts Under Editorial Consideration
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.5 Conflicts of Interest
- 5.5.1 Requirements for Authors
- 5.5.2 Reporting Funding and Other Support
- 5.5.3 Reporting the Role of the Sponsor
- 5.5.4 Access to Data Requirement
- 5.5.5 Requirements for Reporting Industry-Sponsored Studies
- 5.5.6 Requirements for Peer Reviewers
- 5.5.7 Requirements for Editors and Editorial Board Members
- 5.5.8 Handling Failure to Disclose Financial Interest
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.6 Intellectual Property: Ownership, Access, Rights, and Management
- 5.6.1 Ownership and Control of Data
- 5.6.2 Open-Access Publication and Scientific Journals
- 5.6.3 Copyright: Definition, History, and Current Law
- 5.6.4 Types of Works and Copyright Duration in the United States
- 5.6.5 Copyright Assignment or License
- 5.6.6 Copyright Notice and Registration
- 5.6.7 Copying, Reproducing, Adapting, and Other Uses of Content
- 5.6.8 Publishing Transcripts of Discussions, Symposia, and Conferences
- 5.6.9 Permissions for Reuse
- 5.6.10 Standards for Commercial Reprints and E-prints
- 5.6.11 Standards for Licensed International Editions
- 5.6.12 International Copyright Protection
- 5.6.13 Moral Rights
- 5.6.14 Copyright Resources
- 5.6.15 Patents
- 5.6.16 Trademark
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.7 Confidentiality
- 5.7.1 Confidentiality During Editorial Evaluation and Peer Review and After Publication
- 5.7.2 Confidentiality in Allegations of Scientific Misconduct
- 5.7.3 Confidentiality in Legal Petitions and Claims for Privileged Information
- 5.7.4 Confidentiality in Selecting Editors and Editorial Board Members
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.8 Protecting Research Participants' and Patients' Rights in Scientific Publication
- 5.9 Defamation, Libel
- 5.9.1 Living Persons and Existing Entities
- 5.9.2 Public and Private Figures
- 5.9.3 Groups of Individuals
- 5.9.4 Statements of Opinion
- 5.9.5 Works of Fiction
- 5.9.6 Republication and News Reporting
- 5.9.7 Defense Against Libel
- 5.9.8 Minimizing the Risk of Libel
- 5.9.9 Demands to Correct, Retract, or Remove Libelous Information
- 5.9.10 Other Liability Concerns
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.10 Editorial Freedom and Integrity
- 5.11 Editorial Responsibilities, Roles, Procedures, and Policies
- 5.11.1 The Editor’s Responsibilities
- 5.11.2 Acknowledging Manuscript Receipt
- 5.11.3 Editorial Responsibility for Manuscript Assessment
- 5.11.4 Editorial Responsibility for Peer Review
- 5.11.5 Editorial Responsibility for Rejection
- 5.11.6 Editorial Responsibility for Revision
- 5.11.7 Editorial Responsibility for Acceptance
- 5.11.8 Correspondence (Letters to the Editor)
- 5.11.9 Corrections (Errata)
- 5.11.10 Role of the Editorial Board
- 5.11.11 Disclosure of Editorial Practices, Procedures, and Policies
- 5.11.12 Editorial Audits and Research
- 5.11.13 Editorial Quality Review
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.12 Advertisements, Advertorials, Sponsorship, Supplements, Reprints, and E-prints
- 5.12.1 Advertisements
- 5.12.2 Criteria for Advertisements Directed to Physicians and Other Health Care Professionals
- 5.12.3 Advertorials
- 5.12.4 Sponsored Supplements
- 5.12.5 Other Forms of Sponsorship
- 5.12.6 Advertising and Sponsorship in Online Publications
- 5.12.7 Reprints and E-prints
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.13 Release of Information to the Public and Journal/Author Relations With the News Media
- 6 Editorial Assessment and Processing
- Section 2 Style
- 7 Grammar
- 7.1 Nouns
- 7.2 Pronouns
- 7.3 Verbs
- 7.4 Modifiers
- 7.5 Diction
- 7.6 Sentence Fragments
- 7.7 Parallel Construction
- 7.8 Subject-Verb Agreement
- 7.8.1 Intervening Phrase
- 7.8.2 False Singulars
- 7.8.3 False Plurals
- 7.8.4 Parenthetical Plurals
- 7.8.5 Collective Nouns
- 7.8.6 Compound Subject
- 7.8.7 Shift in Number of Subject and Resultant Subject-Verb Disagreement
- 7.8.8 Subject and Predicate Noun Differ in Number
- 7.8.9 Every and Many a
- 7.8.10 One of Those
- 7.8.11 Number
- 7.9 The Paragraph
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Additional Readings and General References
- 8 Punctuation
- 8.1 Period, Question Mark, Exclamation Point
- 8.2 Comma, Semicolon, Colon
- 8.3 Hyphens and Dashes
- 8.4 Forward Slash (Virgule, Solidus)
- 8.5 Parentheses and Brackets
- 8.6 Quotation Marks
- 8.6.1 Quotations
- 8.6.2 Dialogue
- 8.6.3 Titles
- 8.6.4 Single Quotation Marks
- 8.6.5 Placement
- 8.6.6 Omission of Opening or Closing Quotation Marks
- 8.6.7 Coined Words, Slang
- 8.6.8 Apologetic Quotation Marks
- 8.6.9 So-called
- 8.6.10 Common Words Used in a Technical Sense
- 8.6.11 Definition or Translation of Non–English-Language Words
- 8.6.12 Titles of Works
- 8.6.13 Indirect Discourse, Discussions
- 8.6.14 Block Quotations
- 8.7 Apostrophe
- 8.8 Ellipses
- 8.8.1 Omission Within a Sentence
- 8.8.2 Omission at the End of a Sentence or Between Complete Sentences
- 8.8.3 Grammatically Incomplete Expressions
- 8.8.4 Omissions in Verse
- 8.8.5 Omissions Between or at the Start of Paragraphs
- 8.8.6 Change in Capitalization
- 8.8.7 Omission of Ellipses
- 8.8.8 Ellipses in Tables
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 9 Plurals
- 10 Capitalization
- 11 Correct and Preferred Usage
- 11.1 Correct and Preferred Usage of Common Words and Phrases
- 11.2 Redundant, Expendable, and Incomparable Words and Phrases
- 11.3 Back-formations
- 11.4 Jargon
- 11.5 Age and Sex Referents
- 11.6 Anatomy
- 11.7 Clock Referents
- 11.8 Laboratory Values
- 11.9 Articles
- 11.10 Inclusive Language
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Additional Readings
- 12 Non-English Words, Phrases, and Accent Marks
- 12.1 Non-English Words, Phrases, and Titles
- 12.2 Accent Marks (Diacritics)
- Acknowledgment
- 13 Medical Indexes
- 7 Grammar
- Section 3 Terminology
- 14 Abbreviations
- 14.1 Academic Degrees, Certifications, and Honors
- 14.2 US Military Services and Titles
- 14.3 Days of the Week, Months, Eras
- 14.4 Local Addresses
- 14.5 Cities, States, Counties, Territories, Possessions; Provinces; Countries
- 14.6 Names and Titles of Persons
- 14.7 Business Firms
- 14.8 Agencies and Organizations
- 14.9 Collaborative Groups
- 14.10 Names of Journals
- 14.11 Clinical, Technical, and Other Common Terms
- 14.12 Units of Measure
- 14.13 Elements and Chemicals
- 14.14 Radioactive Isotopes
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 15 Nomenclature
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 15.1 Blood Groups, Platelet Antigens, and Granulocyte Antigens
- 15.2 Cancer
- 15.3 Cardiology
- 15.3.1 Electrocardiographic Terms
- 15.3.2 Electrograms
- 15.3.3 Heart Sounds
- 15.3.4 Murmurs
- 15.3.5 Jugular Venous Pulse
- 15.3.6 Echocardiography
- 15.3.7 Pacemaker Codes
- 15.3.8 Implanted Cardioverter/Defibrillators
- 15.3.9 Pacemaker-Lead Code
- 15.3.10 Heart Disease Classifications
- 15.3.11 Coronary Artery Angiographic Classifications
- 15.3.12 Cellular and Molecular Cardiology.
- References
- 15.4 Drugs
- 15.4.1 The Drug Development and Approval Process
- 15.4.2 Nonproprietary Names
- 15.4.3 Proprietary Names
- 15.4.4 Chemical Names
- 15.4.5 Code Designations
- 15.4.6 Trivial Names
- 15.4.7 Drugs With Inactive Components
- 15.4.8 Stereoisomers
- 15.4.9 Combination Products
- 15.4.10 Drug Preparation Names That Include a Percentage
- 15.4.11 Multiple-Drug Regimens
- 15.4.12 Drug Abbreviations
- 15.4.13 Nomenclature for Biological Products
- 15.4.14 Vitamins and Related Compounds
- 15.4.15 Herbals and Dietary Supplements
- References
- Additional Readings and General References
- 15.5 Equipment, Devices, and Reagents
- 15.6 Genetics
- 15.7 Hemostasis
- 15.8 Immunology
- 15.9 Isotopes
- 15.10 Molecular Medicine
- 15.11 Neurology
- 15.12 Obstetric Terms
- 15.13 Ophthalmology Terms
- 15.14 Organisms and Pathogens
- 15.15 Psychiatric Terminology
- 15.16 Pulmonary, Respiratory, and Blood Gas Terminology
- 15.17 Radiology Terms
- 16 Eponyms
- 17 Greek Letters
- 14 Abbreviations
- Section 4 Measurement and Quantitation
- 18 Units of Measure
- 19 Numbers and Percentages
- 20 Study Design and Statistics
- 20.1 The Manuscript: Presenting Study Design, Rationale, and Statistical Analysis
- 20.2 Randomized Controlled Trials
- 20.3 Observational Studies
- 20.4 Meta-analysis
- 20.5 Cost-effectiveness Analysis, Cost-Benefit Analysis
- 20.6 Studies of Diagnostic Tests
- 20.7 Survey Studies
- 20.8 Significant Digits and Rounding Numbers
- 20.9 Glossary of Statistical Terms
- 20.10 Statistical Symbols and Abbreviations
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Additional Readings and General References
- 21 Mathematical Composition
- 21.1 Copy Marking
- 21.2 Displayed vs Run-In
- 21.3 Stacked vs Unstacked
- 21.4 Exponents
- 21.5 Long Formulas
- 21.6 Expressing Multiplication and Division
- 21.7 Commonly Used Symbols
- 21.8 Typography and Capitalization
- 21.9 Punctuation
- 21.10 Spacing With Mathematical Symbols
- Acknowledgment
- Additional Readings and General References
- Section 5 Technical Information
- 22 Typography
- 23 Manuscript Editing and Proofreading
- 24 Glossary of Publishing Terms
- 25 Resources
- 25.1 General Dictionaries
- 25.2 Medical and Scientific Dictionaries
- 25.3 General Style and Usage
- 25.4 Medical/Scientific Style and Usage
- 25.5 Writing
- 25.6 Ethical and Legal Concerns
- 25.7 Peer Review
- 25.8 Illustrations/Displaying Data
- 25.9 Databases
- 25.10 Guidelines
- 25.11 Professional Scientific Writing, Editing, and Communications Organizations and Groups
- Acknowledgment
- End Matter
Related Quizzes
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