Quotation Marks
2.1.1 Quotation Marks
If quotation marks are required in the title or subtitle, they should be double, not single (see 8.6.3, Punctuation, Quotation Marks, Titles).
Above All “Do No Harm”: How Can Errors Be Avoided in Medicine?
AMA Manual of Style Committee
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- Print Publication Date:
- Mar 2007
- Print ISBN-13:
- 9780195176339
- Published to AMA Manual of Style:
- Apr 2009
- DOI:
- 10.1093/jama/9780195176339.001.0001
© American Medical Association
Contents
- Front Matter
- Section 1 Preparing an Article for Publication
- 1 Types of Articles
- 2 Manuscript Preparation
- 2.1 Titles and Subtitles
- 2.2 Bylines and End-of-Text Signatures
- 2.3 Footnotes to Title Page
- 2.4 Running Foot
- 2.5 Abstract
- 2.6 Keywords
- 2.7 Epigraphs
- 2.8 Parts of a Manuscript, Headings, Subheadings, and Side Headings
- 2.9 Addenda
- 2.10 Acknowledgment Section
- 2.10.1 Acceptance Date
- 2.10.2 Online Publication Ahead of Print
- 2.10.3 Affiliation Notes That Would Not Fit on Page 1
- 2.10.4 Correspondence Address
- 2.10.5 Author Contributions
- 2.10.6 List of Participants in a Group Study
- 2.10.7 Financial Disclosure
- 2.10.8 Funding/Support
- 2.10.9 Role of the Sponsor
- 2.10.10 Independent Statistical Analysis
- 2.10.11 Disclaimer
- 2.10.12 Previous Presentations
- 2.10.13 Additional Information (Miscellaneous Acknowledgments)
- 2.10.14 Additional Contributions
- 2.10.15 Preferred Citation Format
- 2.11 Appendixes
- 2.12 Online-Only (Supplementary) Material
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 3 References
- 3.1 Reference Style and the Uniform Requirements
- 3.2 Reference List
- 3.3 References Given in Text
- 3.4 Minimum Acceptable Data for References
- 3.5 Numbering
- 3.6 Citation
- 3.7 Authors
- 3.8 Prefixes and Particles
- 3.9 Titles
- 3.10 Subtitles
- 3.11 References to Print Journals
- 3.11.1 Complete Data
- 3.11.2 Names of Journals
- 3.11.3 Page Numbers and Dates
- 3.11.4 Discontinuous Pagination
- 3.11.5 Journals Without Volume or Issue Numbers
- 3.11.6 Parts of an Issue
- 3.11.7 Special or Theme Issue
- 3.11.8 Supplements
- 3.11.9 Abstracts and Other Material Taken From Another Source
- 3.11.10 Special Department, Feature, or Column of a Journal
- 3.11.11 Other Material Without Named Author(s) or With Named Authors and a Group Name
- 3.11.12 Discussants
- 3.11.13 Corrections
- 3.11.14 Retractions
- 3.11.15 Duplicate Publication
- 3.12 References to Print Books
- 3.12.1 Complete Data
- 3.12.2 Reference to an Entire Book
- 3.12.3 References to Monographs
- 3.12.4 Reference to a Chapter in a Book
- 3.12.5 Editors and Translators
- 3.12.6 Volume Number
- 3.12.7 Edition Number
- 3.12.8 Place of Publication
- 3.12.9 Publishers
- 3.12.10 Year of Publication
- 3.12.11 Page Numbers or Chapter Number
- 3.13 Special Print Materials
- 3.13.1 Newspapers
- 3.13.2 Government or Agency Bulletins
- 3.13.3 Serial Publications
- 3.13.4 Theses and Dissertations
- 3.13.5 Special Collections
- 3.13.6 Package Inserts
- 3.13.7 Patents
- 3.13.8 Unpublished Material
- 3.13.9 Personal Communications
- 3.13.10 Secondary Citations and Quotations (Including Press Releases)
- 3.13.11 Classical References
- 3.14 Other Media
- 3.15 Electronic References
- 3.15.1 Online Journals
- 3.15.2 Books and Books on CD-ROM
- 3.15.3 Websites
- 3.15.4 Online Newspapers
- 3.15.5 Government/Organization Reports
- 3.15.6 Software
- 3.15.7 Software Manual or Guide
- 3.15.8 Databases
- 3.15.9 E-mail and E-mail List (Listserve) Messages
- 3.15.10 Online Conference Proceedings/Presentations
- 3.15.11 News Releases and Miscellaneous
- 3.15.12 Legal References
- 3.16 US Legal References
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 4 Visual Presentation of Data
- 4.1 Tables
- 4.2 Figures
- 4.2.1 Statistical Graphs
- 4.2.2 Diagrams
- 4.2.3 Maps
- 4.2.4 Illustrations
- 4.2.5 Photographs and Clinical Imaging
- 4.2.6 Components of Figures
- 4.2.7 Titles, Legends, and Labels
- 4.2.8 Placement of Figures in the Text
- 4.2.9 Figures Reproduced or Adapted From Other Sources
- 4.2.10 Guidelines for Preparing and Submitting Figures
- 4.2.11 Consent for Identifiable Patients
- 4.3 Nontabular Material
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Additional Reading and General Reference
- 5 Ethical and Legal Considerations
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 5.1 Authorship Responsibility
- 5.1.1 Authorship: Definition, Criteria, Contributions, and Requirements
- 5.1.2 Guest and Ghost Authors
- 5.1.3 Unsigned Editorials, Anonymous Authors, Pseudonymous Authors
- 5.1.4 Number of Authors
- 5.1.5 Order of Authorship
- 5.1.6 Changes in Authorship
- 5.1.7 Group and Collaborative Authorship
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.2 Acknowledgments
- 5.2.1 Acknowledging Support, Assistance, and Contributions of Those Who Are Not Authors
- 5.2.2 Group and Collaborative Author Lists
- 5.2.3 Author Contributions
- 5.2.4 Authors' Conflicts of Interests and Financial Disclosures
- 5.2.5 Access to Data Statement
- 5.2.6 Funding and Role of Sponsors
- 5.2.7 Acknowledgment Elements and Order of Elements
- 5.2.8 Permission to Name Individuals
- 5.2.9 Personal Communication and Credit Lines
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.3 Duplicate Publication
- 5.4 Scientific Misconduct
- 5.4.1 Misrepresentation: Fabrication, Falsification, and Omission
- 5.4.2 Misappropriation: Plagiarism and Breaches of Confidentiality
- 5.4.3 Inappropriate Manipulation of Digital Images
- 5.4.4 Editorial Policy and Procedures for Detecting and Handling Allegations of Scientific Misconduct
- 5.4.5 Retractions, Expressions of Concern
- 5.4.6 Allegations Involving Unresolved Questions of Scientific Misconduct
- 5.4.7 Allegations Involving Manuscripts Under Editorial Consideration
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.5 Conflicts of Interest
- 5.5.1 Requirements for Authors
- 5.5.2 Reporting Funding and Other Support
- 5.5.3 Reporting the Role of the Sponsor
- 5.5.4 Access to Data Requirement
- 5.5.5 Requirements for Reporting Industry-Sponsored Studies
- 5.5.6 Requirements for Peer Reviewers
- 5.5.7 Requirements for Editors and Editorial Board Members
- 5.5.8 Handling Failure to Disclose Financial Interest
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.6 Intellectual Property: Ownership, Access, Rights, and Management
- 5.6.1 Ownership and Control of Data
- 5.6.2 Open-Access Publication and Scientific Journals
- 5.6.3 Copyright: Definition, History, and Current Law
- 5.6.4 Types of Works and Copyright Duration in the United States
- 5.6.5 Copyright Assignment or License
- 5.6.6 Copyright Notice and Registration
- 5.6.7 Copying, Reproducing, Adapting, and Other Uses of Content
- 5.6.8 Publishing Transcripts of Discussions, Symposia, and Conferences
- 5.6.9 Permissions for Reuse
- 5.6.10 Standards for Commercial Reprints and E-prints
- 5.6.11 Standards for Licensed International Editions
- 5.6.12 International Copyright Protection
- 5.6.13 Moral Rights
- 5.6.14 Copyright Resources
- 5.6.15 Patents
- 5.6.16 Trademark
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.7 Confidentiality
- 5.7.1 Confidentiality During Editorial Evaluation and Peer Review and After Publication
- 5.7.2 Confidentiality in Allegations of Scientific Misconduct
- 5.7.3 Confidentiality in Legal Petitions and Claims for Privileged Information
- 5.7.4 Confidentiality in Selecting Editors and Editorial Board Members
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.8 Protecting Research Participants' and Patients' Rights in Scientific Publication
- 5.9 Defamation, Libel
- 5.9.1 Living Persons and Existing Entities
- 5.9.2 Public and Private Figures
- 5.9.3 Groups of Individuals
- 5.9.4 Statements of Opinion
- 5.9.5 Works of Fiction
- 5.9.6 Republication and News Reporting
- 5.9.7 Defense Against Libel
- 5.9.8 Minimizing the Risk of Libel
- 5.9.9 Demands to Correct, Retract, or Remove Libelous Information
- 5.9.10 Other Liability Concerns
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.10 Editorial Freedom and Integrity
- 5.11 Editorial Responsibilities, Roles, Procedures, and Policies
- 5.11.1 The Editor’s Responsibilities
- 5.11.2 Acknowledging Manuscript Receipt
- 5.11.3 Editorial Responsibility for Manuscript Assessment
- 5.11.4 Editorial Responsibility for Peer Review
- 5.11.5 Editorial Responsibility for Rejection
- 5.11.6 Editorial Responsibility for Revision
- 5.11.7 Editorial Responsibility for Acceptance
- 5.11.8 Correspondence (Letters to the Editor)
- 5.11.9 Corrections (Errata)
- 5.11.10 Role of the Editorial Board
- 5.11.11 Disclosure of Editorial Practices, Procedures, and Policies
- 5.11.12 Editorial Audits and Research
- 5.11.13 Editorial Quality Review
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.12 Advertisements, Advertorials, Sponsorship, Supplements, Reprints, and E-prints
- 5.12.1 Advertisements
- 5.12.2 Criteria for Advertisements Directed to Physicians and Other Health Care Professionals
- 5.12.3 Advertorials
- 5.12.4 Sponsored Supplements
- 5.12.5 Other Forms of Sponsorship
- 5.12.6 Advertising and Sponsorship in Online Publications
- 5.12.7 Reprints and E-prints
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.13 Release of Information to the Public and Journal/Author Relations With the News Media
- 6 Editorial Assessment and Processing
- Section 2 Style
- 7 Grammar
- 7.1 Nouns
- 7.2 Pronouns
- 7.3 Verbs
- 7.4 Modifiers
- 7.5 Diction
- 7.6 Sentence Fragments
- 7.7 Parallel Construction
- 7.8 Subject-Verb Agreement
- 7.8.1 Intervening Phrase
- 7.8.2 False Singulars
- 7.8.3 False Plurals
- 7.8.4 Parenthetical Plurals
- 7.8.5 Collective Nouns
- 7.8.6 Compound Subject
- 7.8.7 Shift in Number of Subject and Resultant Subject-Verb Disagreement
- 7.8.8 Subject and Predicate Noun Differ in Number
- 7.8.9 Every and Many a
- 7.8.10 One of Those
- 7.8.11 Number
- 7.9 The Paragraph
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Additional Readings and General References
- 8 Punctuation
- 8.1 Period, Question Mark, Exclamation Point
- 8.2 Comma, Semicolon, Colon
- 8.3 Hyphens and Dashes
- 8.4 Forward Slash (Virgule, Solidus)
- 8.5 Parentheses and Brackets
- 8.6 Quotation Marks
- 8.6.1 Quotations
- 8.6.2 Dialogue
- 8.6.3 Titles
- 8.6.4 Single Quotation Marks
- 8.6.5 Placement
- 8.6.6 Omission of Opening or Closing Quotation Marks
- 8.6.7 Coined Words, Slang
- 8.6.8 Apologetic Quotation Marks
- 8.6.9 So-called
- 8.6.10 Common Words Used in a Technical Sense
- 8.6.11 Definition or Translation of Non–English-Language Words
- 8.6.12 Titles of Works
- 8.6.13 Indirect Discourse, Discussions
- 8.6.14 Block Quotations
- 8.7 Apostrophe
- 8.8 Ellipses
- 8.8.1 Omission Within a Sentence
- 8.8.2 Omission at the End of a Sentence or Between Complete Sentences
- 8.8.3 Grammatically Incomplete Expressions
- 8.8.4 Omissions in Verse
- 8.8.5 Omissions Between or at the Start of Paragraphs
- 8.8.6 Change in Capitalization
- 8.8.7 Omission of Ellipses
- 8.8.8 Ellipses in Tables
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 9 Plurals
- 10 Capitalization
- 11 Correct and Preferred Usage
- 11.1 Correct and Preferred Usage of Common Words and Phrases
- 11.2 Redundant, Expendable, and Incomparable Words and Phrases
- 11.3 Back-formations
- 11.4 Jargon
- 11.5 Age and Sex Referents
- 11.6 Anatomy
- 11.7 Clock Referents
- 11.8 Laboratory Values
- 11.9 Articles
- 11.10 Inclusive Language
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Additional Readings
- 12 Non-English Words, Phrases, and Accent Marks
- 12.1 Non-English Words, Phrases, and Titles
- 12.2 Accent Marks (Diacritics)
- Acknowledgment
- 13 Medical Indexes
- 7 Grammar
- Section 3 Terminology
- 14 Abbreviations
- 14.1 Academic Degrees, Certifications, and Honors
- 14.2 US Military Services and Titles
- 14.3 Days of the Week, Months, Eras
- 14.4 Local Addresses
- 14.5 Cities, States, Counties, Territories, Possessions; Provinces; Countries
- 14.6 Names and Titles of Persons
- 14.7 Business Firms
- 14.8 Agencies and Organizations
- 14.9 Collaborative Groups
- 14.10 Names of Journals
- 14.11 Clinical, Technical, and Other Common Terms
- 14.12 Units of Measure
- 14.13 Elements and Chemicals
- 14.14 Radioactive Isotopes
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 15 Nomenclature
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 15.1 Blood Groups, Platelet Antigens, and Granulocyte Antigens
- 15.2 Cancer
- 15.3 Cardiology
- 15.3.1 Electrocardiographic Terms
- 15.3.2 Electrograms
- 15.3.3 Heart Sounds
- 15.3.4 Murmurs
- 15.3.5 Jugular Venous Pulse
- 15.3.6 Echocardiography
- 15.3.7 Pacemaker Codes
- 15.3.8 Implanted Cardioverter/Defibrillators
- 15.3.9 Pacemaker-Lead Code
- 15.3.10 Heart Disease Classifications
- 15.3.11 Coronary Artery Angiographic Classifications
- 15.3.12 Cellular and Molecular Cardiology.
- References
- 15.4 Drugs
- 15.4.1 The Drug Development and Approval Process
- 15.4.2 Nonproprietary Names
- 15.4.3 Proprietary Names
- 15.4.4 Chemical Names
- 15.4.5 Code Designations
- 15.4.6 Trivial Names
- 15.4.7 Drugs With Inactive Components
- 15.4.8 Stereoisomers
- 15.4.9 Combination Products
- 15.4.10 Drug Preparation Names That Include a Percentage
- 15.4.11 Multiple-Drug Regimens
- 15.4.12 Drug Abbreviations
- 15.4.13 Nomenclature for Biological Products
- 15.4.14 Vitamins and Related Compounds
- 15.4.15 Herbals and Dietary Supplements
- References
- Additional Readings and General References
- 15.5 Equipment, Devices, and Reagents
- 15.6 Genetics
- 15.7 Hemostasis
- 15.8 Immunology
- 15.9 Isotopes
- 15.10 Molecular Medicine
- 15.11 Neurology
- 15.12 Obstetric Terms
- 15.13 Ophthalmology Terms
- 15.14 Organisms and Pathogens
- 15.15 Psychiatric Terminology
- 15.16 Pulmonary, Respiratory, and Blood Gas Terminology
- 15.17 Radiology Terms
- 16 Eponyms
- 17 Greek Letters
- 14 Abbreviations
- Section 4 Measurement and Quantitation
- 18 Units of Measure
- 19 Numbers and Percentages
- 20 Study Design and Statistics
- 20.1 The Manuscript: Presenting Study Design, Rationale, and Statistical Analysis
- 20.2 Randomized Controlled Trials
- 20.3 Observational Studies
- 20.4 Meta-analysis
- 20.5 Cost-effectiveness Analysis, Cost-Benefit Analysis
- 20.6 Studies of Diagnostic Tests
- 20.7 Survey Studies
- 20.8 Significant Digits and Rounding Numbers
- 20.9 Glossary of Statistical Terms
- 20.10 Statistical Symbols and Abbreviations
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Additional Readings and General References
- 21 Mathematical Composition
- 21.1 Copy Marking
- 21.2 Displayed vs Run-In
- 21.3 Stacked vs Unstacked
- 21.4 Exponents
- 21.5 Long Formulas
- 21.6 Expressing Multiplication and Division
- 21.7 Commonly Used Symbols
- 21.8 Typography and Capitalization
- 21.9 Punctuation
- 21.10 Spacing With Mathematical Symbols
- Acknowledgment
- Additional Readings and General References
- Section 5 Technical Information
- 22 Typography
- 23 Manuscript Editing and Proofreading
- 24 Glossary of Publishing Terms
- 25 Resources
- 25.1 General Dictionaries
- 25.2 Medical and Scientific Dictionaries
- 25.3 General Style and Usage
- 25.4 Medical/Scientific Style and Usage
- 25.5 Writing
- 25.6 Ethical and Legal Concerns
- 25.7 Peer Review
- 25.8 Illustrations/Displaying Data
- 25.9 Databases
- 25.10 Guidelines
- 25.11 Professional Scientific Writing, Editing, and Communications Organizations and Groups
- Acknowledgment
- End Matter
Subject(s) in AMA Manual of Style
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