Jugular Venous Pulse
15.3.5 Jugular Venous Pulse
The jugular venous pulse contours are expressed with italic single letters and roman words:
a wave (atrial)
x descent
z point
c wave
x′ descent
v wave (ventricular)
y descent (or y trough)
h wave
Examples:
prominent a wave
giant a wave
steep x descent
increased v wave
abrupt y descent