Contents

• Front Matter
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • In Memoriam: Paul Frank (1960-2015)
• 1.0 Types of Articles
  • 1.0 Types of Articles.
  • 1.1 Research Reports.
  • 1.2 Reviews.
    • 1.2.1 Systematic Reviews.
    • 1.2.2 Narrative Reviews.
  • 1.3 Other Substantive Article Types (Nonresearch, Nonreview).
  • 1.4 Opinion Articles.
    • 1.4.1 Viewpoints (Also Called Commentaries or Perspectives).
    • 1.4.2 Editorials (or Invited Commentaries).
    • 1.4.3 Personal Vignettes and Reflections.
  • 1.5 Correspondence.
    • 1.5.1 Letters.
    • 1.5.2 Research Letters.
  • 1.6 Other Article Types.
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
• 2.0 Manuscript Preparation for Submission and Publication
  • 2.0 Manuscript Preparation for Submission and Publication.
  • 2.1 Titles and Subtitles.
    • 2.1.1 Quotation Marks.
    • 2.1.2 Numbers.
    • 2.1.3 Drugs.
    • 2.1.4 Genus and Species.
    • 2.1.5 Abbreviations.
    • 2.1.6 Manuscript Preparation, Capitalization.
    • 2.1.7 Names of Cities, States, Counties, Provinces, and Countries.
  • 2.2 Author Bylines and End-of-Text Signatures.
    • 2.2.1 Authors’ Names.
    • 2.2.2 Authorship.
    • 2.2.3 Academic Degrees.
    • 2.2.4 Multiple Authors, Group Authors.
  • 2.3 Author Footnotes.
    • 2.3.1 Order of Footnotes for Print or PDF Page.
    • 2.3.2 Death of Author(s).
    • 2.3.3 Author Affiliations.
  • 2.4 Running Head, Running Foot in Print/PDF.
    • 2.4.1 Name of the Publication.
    • 2.4.2 Short Title of the Article.
  • 2.5 Abstract.
    • 2.5.1 Structured Abstracts.
    • 2.5.2 Unstructured Abstracts.
    • 2.5.3 Tables and/or Figures in Abstracts.
    • 2.5.4 Clinical Trial Registration Identifier in Abstracts.
    • 2.5.5 General Guidelines.
  • 2.6 Keywords.
  • 2.7 Epigraphs.
  • 2.8 Parts of a Manuscript, Headings, Subheadings, and Side Headings.
    • 2.8.1 Levels of Headings.
    • 2.8.2 Number of Headings.
    • 2.8.3 Some Cautions About Headings.
  • 2.9 Addenda.
  • 2.10 Acknowledgments (Article Information).
    • 2.10.1 Manuscript History: Submission and Acceptance Dates.
    • 2.10.2 Publication Online First or Online Only.
    • 2.10.3 Information on Open Access.
    • 2.10.4 Corrections.
    • 2.10.5 Author Affiliation Notes.
    • 2.10.6 Group Information.
    • 2.10.7 Corresponding Author Contact Information.
    • 2.10.8 Author Contributions.
    • 2.10.9 Conflict of Interest Disclosures.
    • 2.10.10 Funding/Support.
    • 2.10.11 Role of the Funders/Sponsors.
    • 2.10.12 Group Information (Including List of Participants in a Group).
    • 2.10.13 Disclaimer.
    • 2.10.14 Meeting Presentation.
    • 2.10.15 Previous Posting.
    • 2.10.16 Data Sharing Statement.
    • 2.10.17 Additional Contributions.
    • 2.10.18 Additional Information (Miscellaneous Acknowledgments).
    • 2.10.19 Preferred Citation Format.
  • 2.11 Appendixes.
  • 2.12 Online-Only (Supplementary) Material.
  • 2.13 Ancillary Educational and Promotional Material.
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
• 3.0 References
  • 3.0 References.
  • 3.1 Reference Style and Recommendations.
    • 3.1.1 Bibliographic Grouping.
  • 3.2 Reference List.
  • 3.3 References Given in Text.
  • 3.4 Minimum Acceptable Data for References.
  • 3.5 Numbering.
  • 3.6 Citation.
  • 3.7 Authors.
    • 3.7.1 Group Authors.
    • 3.7.2 Group Author Names With or Without Individually Named Authors in the Byline.
  • 3.8 Prefixes and Particles.
  • 3.9 Titles.
    • 3.9.1 English-Language Titles.
    • 3.9.2 Non–English-Language Titles.
    • 3.9.3 Names of Organisms.
    • 3.9.4 Non-English Words and Phrases.
  • 3.10 Subtitles.
  • 3.11 References to Journal Articles.
    • 3.11.1 Complete Data.
    • 3.11.2 Names of Journals.
    • 3.11.3 Year, Volume, Issue, Location (Page Numbers), and Dates.
    • 3.11.4 Online Journal Articles, Preprints, and Manuscripts.
    • 3.11.5 Discontinuous Pagination.
    • 3.11.6 Journals Without Volume or Issue Numbers.
    • 3.11.7 Parts of an Issue.
    • 3.11.8 Special Issue or Theme Issue.
    • 3.11.9 Journal Supplements.
    • 3.11.10 Abstracts From Another Source.
    • 3.11.11 Special Department, Feature, or Column of a Journal.
    • 3.11.12 Discussants.
    • 3.11.13 Online Comments.
    • 3.11.14 Corrections.
    • 3.11.15 Retractions and Expressions of Concern.
    • 3.11.16 Duplicate Publication.
  • 3.12 References to Books.
    • 3.12.1 Complete Data.
    • 3.12.2 References to an Entire Book.
    • 3.12.3 References to Monographs.
    • 3.12.4 References to a Chapter in a Book.
    • 3.12.5 Editors and Translators.
    • 3.12.6 Volume Number.
    • 3.12.7 Edition Number.
    • 3.12.8 Publishers.
    • 3.12.9 Year of Publication.
    • 3.12.10 Page Numbers or Chapter Number.
    • 3.12.11 Electronic Books, Books Online, Audiobooks, and Books on Tape or CD.
  • 3.13 Special Materials.
    • 3.13.1 News Publications.
    • 3.13.2 Government or Agency Reports.
    • 3.13.3 Serial Publications.
    • 3.13.4 Theses and Dissertations.
    • 3.13.5 Special Collections.
    • 3.13.6 Package Inserts.
    • 3.13.7 Patents.
    • 3.13.8 Conference Proceedings Online, Webinars, and Other Presentations.
    • 3.13.9 Meeting Presentations and Other Unpublished Material.
    • 3.13.10 Personal Communications.
    • 3.13.11 Classical References.
  • 3.14 Other Media.
    • 3.14.1 Video.
    • 3.14.2 Podcasts and Other Audio.
    • 3.14.3 Apps and Interactive Games.
    • 3.14.4 Other Multimedia.
    • 3.14.5 Transcripts of Audio, Video, Television, or Radio Broadcasts or Television Commercials.
  • 3.15 Electronic References.
    • 3.15.1 DOI.
    • 3.15.2 PMID.
    • 3.15.3 Websites.
    • 3.15.4 Social Media.
    • 3.15.5 Government/Organization Reports.
    • 3.15.6 Software.
    • 3.15.7 Software Manual or Guide.
    • 3.15.8 Databases.
    • 3.15.9 Email and Electronic Mailing List (LISTSERV) Messages.
    • 3.15.10 News Releases.
    • 3.15.11 Legal References.
  • 3.16 US Legal References.
    • 3.16.1 Method of Citation.
    • 3.16.2 Citation of Cases.
    • 3.16.3 Legislative Materials.
  • 3.17 Non-US Legal References.
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
• 4.0 Tables, Figures, and Multimedia
  • 4.0 Tables, Figures, and Multimedia.
  • 4.1 Tables.
    • 4.1.1 Types of Tables.
    • 4.1.2 Organizing Information in Tables.
    • 4.1.3 Tables in Online Journals.
    • 4.1.4 Table Components.
    • 4.1.5 Units of Measure.
    • 4.1.6 Punctuation.
    • 4.1.7 Abbreviations.
    • 4.1.8 Numbers.
    • 4.1.9 Tables That Contain Online-Only Supplementary Information.
    • 4.1.10 Guidelines for Preparing and Submitting Tables.
  • 4.2 Figures.
    • 4.2.1 Statistical Graphs.
    • 4.2.2 Diagrams.
    • 4.2.3 Maps.
    • 4.2.4 Illustrations.
    • 4.2.5 Photographs and Clinical Imaging.
    • 4.2.6 Components of Figures.
    • 4.2.7 Titles, Legends, and Labels.
    • 4.2.8 Placement of Figures in the Text.
    • 4.2.9 Figures Reproduced or Adapted From Other Sources.
    • 4.2.10 Guidelines for Preparing and Submitting Figures.
    • 4.2.11 Consent for Identifiable Patients.
    • 4.2.12 Multimedia.
  • 4.3 Nontabular Material.
    • 4.3.1 Boxes.
    • 4.3.2 Sidebars.
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
• 5.0 Ethical and Legal Considerations
  • 5.1 Authorship Responsibility.
    • 5.1.1 Authorship: Definition, Criteria, Contributions, and Requirements.
    • 5.1.2 Guest and Ghost Authors and Other Contributors.
    • 5.1.3 Unsigned Editorials, Anonymous Authors, Pseudonymous Authors.
    • 5.1.4 Number of Authors.
    • 5.1.5 Order of Authorship and Shared Positions.
    • 5.1.6 Changes in Authorship.
    • 5.1.7 Deceased or Incapacitated Authors.
    • 5.1.8 Author Disputes.
    • 5.1.9 Group and Collaborative Authorship.
    • 5.1.10 Standards for Electronic Editing and Tagging of Names of Authors, Collaborators, and Group Authors.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 5.2 Acknowledgments.
    • 5.2.1 Acknowledging Support, Assistance, and Contributions of Those Who Are Not Authors.
    • 5.2.2 Group and Collaborative Author Lists.
    • 5.2.3 Author Contributions.
    • 5.2.4 Authors’ Conflict of Interest Disclosures.
    • 5.2.5 Access to Data Statement.
    • 5.2.6 Funding and Role of Funders and Sponsors.
    • 5.2.7 Data Sharing Statement.
    • 5.2.8 Acknowledgment Elements and Order of Elements.
    • 5.2.9 Permission to Name Individuals.
    • 5.2.10 Personal Communication and Credit Lines.
    • 5.2.11 Standards for Tagging Metadata in Acknowledgments.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 5.3 Duplicate Publication and Submission.
    • 5.3.1 Secondary Publication.
    • 5.3.2 Editorial Policy for Preventing and Handling Allegations of Duplicate Publication.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 5.4 Scientific Misconduct.
    • 5.4.1 Misrepresentation: Fabrication, Falsification, and Omission.
    • 5.4.2 Misappropriation: Plagiarism and Breaches of Confidentiality.
    • 5.4.3 Inappropriate Manipulation of Digital Images.
    • 5.4.4 Editorial Policy and Procedures for Detecting and Handling Allegations of Scientific Misconduct.
    • 5.4.5 Retractions and Expressions of Concern.
    • 5.4.6 Retraction and Replacement for Articles With Pervasive Errors.
    • 5.4.7 Allegations Involving Unresolved Questions of Scientific Misconduct.
    • 5.4.8 Allegations Involving Manuscripts Under Editorial Consideration.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 5.5 Conflicts of Interest.
    • 5.5.1 Definition, History, and Rationale for Journal Policies.
    • 5.5.2 Requirements for Authors.
    • 5.5.3 Reporting Funding, Sponsorship, and Other Support.
    • 5.5.4 Reporting the Role of the Funder/Sponsor.
    • 5.5.5 Access to Data Requirement.
    • 5.5.6 Requirements for Peer Reviewers.
    • 5.5.7 Requirements for Editors and Editorial Board Members.
    • 5.5.8 Handling Failure to Disclose Conflicts of Interest.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 5.6 Intellectual Property: Ownership, Access, Rights, and Management.
    • 5.6.1 Ownership and Control of Data.
    • 5.6.2 Public Access and Open Access in Scientific Publication.
    • 5.6.3 Copyright: Definition, History, and Current Law.
    • 5.6.4 Types of Works and Copyright Duration in the United States.
    • 5.6.5 Copyright Assignment or License.
    • 5.6.6 Copyright Notice and Registration.
    • 5.6.7 Copying, Reproducing, Adapting, and Other Uses of Content.
    • 5.6.8 Permissions for Reuse.
    • 5.6.9 Standards for Commercial Reprints and e-Prints.
    • 5.6.10 Standards for Licensed International Editions.
    • 5.6.11 International Copyright Protection.
    • 5.6.12 Moral Rights.
    • 5.6.13 Copyright Resources.
    • 5.6.14 Patents.
    • 5.6.15 Trademark.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 5.7 Confidentiality.
    • 5.7.1 Confidentiality During Editorial Evaluation and Peer Review and After Publication.
    • 5.7.2 Confidentiality in Allegations of Scientific Misconduct.
    • 5.7.3 Confidentiality in Legal Petitions and Claims for Privileged Information.
    • 5.7.4 Confidentiality in Selecting Editors and Editorial Board Members and in Editorial Meetings.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 5.8 Protecting Research Participants’ and Patients’ Rights in Scientific Publication.
    • 5.8.1 Ethical Review of Studies and Informed Consent.
    • 5.8.2 Journal Policies and Procedures.
    • 5.8.3 Patients’ Rights to Privacy and Anonymity and Consent for Identifiable Publication.
    • 5.8.4 Rights in Published Reports of Genetic Studies.
    • 5.8.5 Patients’ Rights in Narrative Essays and News Reports in Biomedical Journals.
    • 5.8.6 Patients’ Rights in Social Media.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 5.9 Defamation, Libel.
    • 5.9.1 Living Persons and Existing Entities.
    • 5.9.2 Public and Private Figures.
    • 5.9.3 Groups of Individuals.
    • 5.9.4 Statements of Opinion.
    • 5.9.5 Social Media.
    • 5.9.6 Works of Fiction.
    • 5.9.7 Republication and News Reporting.
    • 5.9.8 Defense Against Libel Suits and Claims.
    • 5.9.9 Minimizing the Risk of Libel.
    • 5.9.10 Demands to Correct, Retract, or Remove Libelous Information.
    • 5.9.11 Resources for Other Liability Concerns.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 5.10 Editorial Freedom and Integrity.
    • 5.10.1 Maintaining Editorial Freedom: Cases of Editorial Interference and the Rationale for Mission, Trust, and Effective Oversight and Governance.
    • 5.10.2 Ensuring a Trust Relationship Among Journal Editors, Publishers, and Owners.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 5.11 Editorial Responsibilities, Roles, Procedures, and Policies.
    • 5.11.1 The Editor’s Responsibilities.
    • 5.11.2 Acknowledging Manuscript Receipt.
    • 5.11.3 Editorial Responsibility for Manuscript Assessment.
    • 5.11.4 Editorial Responsibility for Peer Review.
    • 5.11.5 Editorial Responsibility for Rejection.
    • 5.11.6 Editorial Responsibility for Revision.
    • 5.11.7 Editorial Responsibility for Acceptance.
    • 5.11.8 Correspondence (Letters to the Editor).
    • 5.11.9 Social Media.
    • 5.11.10 Corrections (Errata).
    • 5.11.11 Role of the Editorial Board.
    • 5.11.12 Disclosure of Editorial Practices, Procedures, and Policies.
    • 5.11.13 Editorial Audits and Research.
    • 5.11.14 Editorial Quality Review.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 5.12 Advertisements, Advertorials, Sponsorship, Supplements, Reprints, and e-Prints.
    • 5.12.1 Advertisements.
    • 5.12.2 Guidelines for Advertisements Directed to Physicians and Other Health Care Professionals.
    • 5.12.3 Advertorials.
    • 5.12.4 Sponsored Supplements.
    • 5.12.5 Other Forms of Sponsorship.
    • 5.12.6 Advertising and Sponsorship in Online Publications.
    • 5.12.7 Reprints and e-Prints.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 5.13 Release of Information to the Public and Relations With the News Media.
    • 5.13.1 Release of Information to the Public.
    • 5.13.2 Expedited Publication and Release of Information.
    • 5.13.3 Embargo.
    • 5.13.4 Suggestions for Authors Interacting With the News Media.
    • 5.13.5 News Releases.
    • Acknowledgment
    • Additional Information
    • References
• 6.0 Editorial Assessment and Processing
  • 6.0 Editorial Assessment and Processing.
  • 6.1 Editorial Assessment.
    • 6.1.1 Manuscript Assessment Criteria.
    • 6.1.2 Peer Review.
    • 6.1.3 Editorial Decisions.
    • 6.1.4 Revisions.
    • 6.1.5 Appealing an Editorial Decision.
    • 6.1.6 Postpublication Review.
    • 6.1.7 Corrections.
  • 6.2 Editorial Processing.
    • 6.2.1 Manuscript Editing.
    • 6.2.2 Composition, Page Makeup, and Digital Content.
    • 6.2.3 Proofreading.
    • 6.2.4 Advertising.
    • 6.2.5 Issue Makeup and Review.
    • 6.2.6 Reprints and e-Prints, Postpublication Copies of Articles, and Depositing Articles in an Approved Repository.
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
• 7.0 Grammar
  • 7.0 Grammar.
  • 7.1 Nouns.
    • 7.1.1 Nouns as Modifiers.
    • 7.1.2 Modifying Gerunds.
    • 7.1.3 Subject-Complement Agreement.
  • 7.2 Pronouns.
    • 7.2.1 Personal Pronouns.
    • 7.2.2 Relative Pronouns.
    • 7.2.3 Indefinite Pronouns.
  • 7.3 Articles.
    • 7.3.1 Definite Articles.
    • 7.3.2 Indefinite Articles.
  • 7.4 Verbs.
    • 7.4.1 Voice.
    • 7.4.2 Mood.
    • 7.4.3 Tense.
    • 7.4.4 Double Negatives.
    • 7.4.5 Split Infinitives and Verb Phrases.
    • 7.4.6 Contractions.
  • 7.5 Subject-Verb Agreement.
    • 7.5.1 Intervening Phrase.
    • 7.5.2 False Singulars.
    • 7.5.3 False Plurals.
    • 7.5.4 Parenthetical Plurals.
    • 7.5.5 Collective Nouns.
    • 7.5.6 Compound Subject.
    • 7.5.7 Shift in Number of Subject and Resultant Subject-Verb Disagreement.
    • 7.5.8 Subject and Predicate Noun Differ in Number.
    • 7.5.9 Every and Many a.
    • 7.5.10 One of Those.
    • 7.5.11 Number.
  • 7.6 Modifiers.
    • 7.6.1 Misplaced Modifiers.
    • 7.6.2 Verbal Phrase Danglers.
  • 7.7 Diction.
    • 7.7.1 Homonyms.
    • 7.7.2 Idioms, Colloquialisms, and Slang.
    • 7.7.3 Euphemisms.
    • 7.7.4 Clichés.
  • 7.8 Sentences.
    • 7.8.1 Fragments.
    • 7.8.2 Run-ons.
    • 7.8.3 Common Misperceptions About Sentence Beginnings and Endings.
  • 7.9 Parallel Construction.
    • 7.9.1 Correlative Conjunctions.
    • 7.9.2 Elliptical Comparisons.
    • 7.9.3 In Series or Comparisons.
    • 7.9.4 Lists.
  • 7.10 Paragraphs.
  • 7.11 Grammar in Social Media.
  • References
  • Additional Readings and General References
• 8.0 Punctuation
  • 8.0 Punctuation.
  • 8.1 Period, Question Mark, Exclamation Point.
    • 8.1.1 Period.
    • 8.1.2 Question Mark.
    • 8.1.3 Exclamation Point.
  • 8.2 Comma, Semicolon, Colon.
    • 8.2.1 Comma.
    • 8.2.2 Semicolon.
    • 8.2.3 Colon.
  • 8.3 Hyphens and Dashes.
    • 8.3.1 Hyphen.
    • 8.3.2 Dashes.
  • 8.4 Forward Slash (Virgule, Solidus).
    • 8.4.1 Used to Express Equivalence or Duality.
    • 8.4.2 Used to Mean per.
    • 8.4.3 In Dates.
    • 8.4.4 In Equations.
    • 8.4.5 Ratios.
    • 8.4.6 Phonetics, Poetry.
  • 8.5 Parentheses and Brackets.
    • 8.5.1 Parentheses.
    • 8.5.2 Brackets.
  • 8.6 Quotation Marks.
    • 8.6.1 Quotations.
    • 8.6.2 Dialogue.
    • 8.6.3 Titles.
    • 8.6.4 Single Quotation Marks.
    • 8.6.5 Placement.
    • 8.6.6 Omission of Opening or Closing Quotation Marks.
    • 8.6.7 Coined Words, Slang, or Unfamiliar Terms.
    • 8.6.8 Apologetic Quotation Marks.
    • 8.6.9 So-called.
    • 8.6.10 Common Words Used in a Technical Sense.
    • 8.6.11 Definition or Translation of Non–English-Language Words.
    • 8.6.12 Titles.
    • 8.6.13 Indirect Discourse, Discussions.
    • 8.6.14 Block Quotations.
  • 8.7 Apostrophe.
    • 8.7.1 To Show Possession.
    • 8.7.2 Possessive Pronouns.
    • 8.7.3 Possessive of Compound Terms.
    • 8.7.4 Joint Possession.
    • 8.7.5 Using Apostrophes to Form Plurals.
    • 8.7.6 Units of Time and Money as Possessive Adjectives.
    • 8.7.7 Prime.
  • 8.8 Ellipses.
    • 8.8.1 Omission Within a Sentence.
    • 8.8.2 Omission at the End of a Sentence or Between Complete Sentences.
    • 8.8.3 Grammatically Incomplete Expressions.
    • 8.8.4 Omissions in Verse.
    • 8.8.5 Omissions Between or at the Start of Paragraphs.
    • 8.8.6 Change in Capitalization.
    • 8.8.7 Omission of Ellipses.
    • 8.8.8 Avoidance of Ellipses in Tables.
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
• 9.0 Plurals
  • 9.0 Plurals.
  • 9.1 How Plurals Are Formed.
  • 9.2 Collective Nouns.
  • 9.3 Parenthetical Plurals.
  • 9.4 Latin and Greek vs English.
  • 9.5 Microorganisms.
  • 9.6 Abbreviations.
  • 9.7 Plurals of Symbols, Letters, Numbers, and Years.
  • 9.8 When Not to Use Plurals.
  • 9.9 False Singulars.
  • Acknowledgment
• 10.0 Capitalization
  • 10.0 Capitalization.
  • 10.1 First Word of Sentences, Quotations, Titles, and Subtitles.
  • 10.2 Titles and Headings.
    • 10.2.1 Titles of Medical Articles.
    • 10.2.2 Hyphenated Compounds.
    • 10.2.3 Titles and Headings of Tables, Figures, or Boxes.
  • 10.3 Proper Nouns.
    • 10.3.1 Geographic Names.
    • 10.3.2 Sociocultural Designations.
    • 10.3.3 Events, Awards, and Legislation.
    • 10.3.4 Eponyms and Words Derived From Proper Nouns.
    • 10.3.5 Proprietary Names.
    • 10.3.6 Organisms.
    • 10.3.7 Seasons, Deities, Holidays.
    • 10.3.8 Tests.
    • 10.3.9 Official Names.
    • 10.3.10 Titles and Degrees of Persons.
  • 10.4 Designators.
  • 10.5 Types and Sections of Articles.
  • 10.6 Acronyms.
  • 10.7 Capitalized Electronic (Digital) Terms.
  • 10.8 URLs.
  • 10.9 Intercapped Compounds.
• 11.0 Correct and Preferred Usage
  • 11.0 Correct and Preferred Usage.
  • 11.1 Correct and Preferred Usage of Common Words and Phrases.
  • 11.2 Redundant, Expendable, and Incomparable Words and Phrases.
    • 11.2.1 Redundant Words.
    • 11.2.2 Expendable Words and Circumlocution.
    • 11.2.3 Incomparable Words.
  • 11.3 Spelling and Spacing Variations.
  • 11.4 Back-formations.
  • 11.5 Jargon.
  • 11.6 Administration of Drugs.
  • 11.7 Age and Sex Referents.
  • 11.8 Anatomy.
  • 11.9 Clock Referents.
  • 11.10 Laboratory Values.
  • 11.11 Articles.
  • 11.12 Inclusive Language.
    • 11.12.1 Sex/Gender.
    • 11.12.2 Personal Pronouns.
    • 11.12.3 Race/Ethnicity.
    • 11.12.4 Age.
    • 11.12.5 Socioeconomic Status.
    • 11.12.6 Terms for Persons With Diseases, Disorders, or Disabilities.
    • 11.12.7 Sexual Orientation.
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
• 12.0 Non-English Words, Phrases, and Accent Marks
  • 12.0 Non-English Words, Phrases, and Accent Marks.
  • 12.1 Non-English Words, Phrases, and Titles.
    • 12.1.1 Use of Italics.
    • 12.1.2 Translation of Titles.
    • 12.1.3 Capitalization and Punctuation.
  • 12.2 Accent Marks (Diacritics).
  • Acknowledgment
• 13.0 Abbreviations
  • 13.0 Abbreviations.
  • 13.1 Academic Degrees and Honors.
  • 13.2 US Military Services and Titles.
    • 13.2.1 US Military Services.
    • 13.2.2 US Military Officer Titles (Grades and Ranks).
  • 13.3 Days of the Week, Months, Eras.
  • 13.4 Local Addresses.
  • 13.5 Cities, States, Counties, Territories, Possessions, Provinces, Countries.
  • 13.6 Names and Titles of Persons.
  • 13.7 Commercial Firms.
  • 13.8 Agencies, Organizations, Foundations, Funding Bodies, and Others.
  • 13.9 Collaborative Groups.
  • 13.10 Names of Journals.
  • 13.11 Clinical, Technical, and Other Common Terms.
  • 13.12 Units of Measure.
  • 13.13 Elements and Chemicals.
  • 13.14 Radioactive Isotopes.
  • Acknowledgment
• 14.0 Nomenclature
  • 14.0 Nomenclature.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 14.1 Blood Groups, Platelet Antigens, and Granulocyte Antigens.
    • 14.1.1 Blood Groups.
    • 14.1.2 Platelet-Specific Antigens.
    • 14.1.3 Granulocyte Antigens.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 14.2 Cancer.
    • 14.2.1 Cancer Stage.
    • 14.2.2 The TNM Staging System.
    • 14.2.3 Bethesda System for Cervical Cytology.
    • 14.2.4 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia.
    • 14.2.5 Molecular Cancer Terminology.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 14.3 Cardiology.
    • 14.3.1 Electrocardiographic Terms.
    • 14.3.2 Electrograms.
    • 14.3.3 Heart Sounds.
    • 14.3.4 Murmurs.
    • 14.3.5 Jugular Venous Pulse.
    • 14.3.6 Echocardiography.
    • 14.3.7 Pacemaker Codes.
    • 14.3.8 Implanted Cardioverter-Defibrillators.
    • 14.3.9 Pacemaker-Lead Code.
    • 14.3.10 Heart Disease Classifications and Scoring Systems.
    • 14.3.11 Coronary Artery Angiographic Classifications.
    • 14.3.12 Cellular and Molecular Cardiology.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 14.4 Drugs.
    • 14.4.1 The Drug Development and Approval Process.
    • 14.4.2 Nonproprietary Names.
    • 14.4.3 Proprietary Names.
    • 14.4.4 Chemical Names.
    • 14.4.5 Code Designations.
    • 14.4.6 Trivial Names.
    • 14.4.7 Drugs With Inactive Components.
    • 14.4.8 Stereoisomers.
    • 14.4.9 Combination Products.
    • 14.4.10 Drug Preparation Names That Include a Percentage.
    • 14.4.11 Multiple-Drug Regimens.
    • 14.4.12 Drug Abbreviations.
    • 14.4.13 Nomenclature for Biological Products.
    • 14.4.14 Vitamins and Related Compounds.
    • 14.4.15 Herbal and Dietary Supplements.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
    • Additional Readings and General References
  • 14.5 Equipment, Devices, Reagents, and Software.
    • 14.5.1 Equipment, Devices, and Reagents.
    • 14.5.2 Software.
    • Acknowledgment
  • 14.6 Genetics.
    • 14.6.1 Nucleic Acids and Amino Acids.
      • Acknowledgment
      • References
    • 14.6.2 Human Gene Nomenclature.
      • Acknowledgment
      • References
    • 14.6.3 Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes.
      • Acknowledgment
      • References
    • 14.6.4 Human Chromosomes.
      • Acknowledgment
      • References
    • 14.6.5 Nonhuman Genetic Terms.
      • Acknowledgment
      • References
    • 14.6.6 Pedigrees.
      • Acknowledgment
      • References
  • 14.7 Hemostasis.
    • 14.7.1 Primary Hemostasis (Initiation).
    • 14.7.2 Endothelial Factors.
    • 14.7.3 Secondary Hemostasis (Amplification and Propagation).
    • 14.7.4 Inhibition of Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 14.8 Immunology.
    • 14.8.1 Chemokines.
    • 14.8.2 CD Cell Markers.
    • 14.8.3 Complement.
    • 14.8.4 Cytokines.
    • 14.8.5 HLA/Major Histocompatibility Complex.
    • 14.8.6 Immunoglobulins.
    • 14.8.7 Lymphocytes.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 14.9 Isotopes.
    • 14.9.1 Elements.
    • 14.9.2 Radiopharmaceuticals.
    • 14.9.3 Radiopharmaceutical Compounds Without Approved Names.
    • 14.9.4 Radiopharmaceutical Proprietary Names.
    • 14.9.5 Uniform Labeling.
    • 14.9.6 Hydrogen Isotopes.
    • 14.9.7 Metastable Isotopes.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 14.10 Molecular Medicine.
    • 14.10.1 Molecular Terminology: Other Sections of Chapter 14.
    • 14.10.2 Molecular Terms: Considerations and Examples.
    • 14.10.3 Enzyme Nomenclature.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 14.11 Neurology.
    • 14.11.1 Nerves.
    • 14.11.2 Electroencephalographic Terms.
    • 14.11.3 Evoked Potentials or Responses.
    • 14.11.4 Polysomnography and Sleep Stages.
    • 14.11.5 Molecular Neuroscience.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 14.12 Obstetric Terms.
    • 14.12.1 GPA.
    • 14.12.2 TPAL.
    • 14.12.3 Apgar Score.
    • 14.12.4 Birth Weight.
    • 14.12.5 Term Pregnancy.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 14.13 Ophthalmology Terms.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 14.14 Organisms and Pathogens.
    • 14.14.1 Biological Nomenclature.
    • 14.14.2 Bacteria: Additional Terminology.
      • Acknowledgment
      • References
    • 14.14.3 Virus Nomenclature.
    • 14.14.4 Prions.
      • References
  • 14.15 Psychiatric Terminology.
    • 14.15.1 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
    • 14.15.2 Other Psychiatric Terminology.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 14.16 Pulmonary and Respiratory Terminology.
    • 14.16.1 Symbols.
    • 14.16.2 Abbreviations.
    • 14.16.3 Mechanical Ventilation.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 14.17 Radiology.
    • 14.17.1 Radiology Terms.
    • 14.17.2 Resources.
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • 14.18 Terminology in Transition: Nephrology.
• 15.0 Eponyms
  • 15.0 Eponyms.
  • 15.1 Eponymous vs Noneponymous Terms.
  • 15.2 Nonpossessive Form.
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
• 16.0 Greek Letters
  • 16.0 Greek Letters.
  • 16.1 Greek Letter vs Word.
  • 16.2 Capitalization After a Greek Letter.
  • 16.3 Greek Alphabet.
  • 16.4 Page Composition and Electronic Formats.
  • Acknowledgment
• 17.0 Units of Measure
  • 17.0 Units of Measure.
  • 17.1 SI Units.
    • 17.1.1 Base Units.
    • 17.1.2 Derived Units.
    • 17.1.3 Prefixes
  • 17.2 Expressing Unit Names and Symbols.
    • 17.2.1 Capitalization.
    • 17.2.2 Products and Quotients of Unit Symbols.
  • 17.3 Format, Style, and Punctuation.
    • 17.3.1 Exponents.
    • 17.3.2 Plurals.
    • 17.3.3 Subject-Verb Agreement.
    • 17.3.4 Spelling Out Units of Measure.
    • 17.3.5 Abbreviations.
    • 17.3.6 Punctuation.
    • 17.3.7 Hyphens.
    • 17.3.8 Spacing.
  • 17.4 Use of Numerals With Units.
    • 17.4.1 Expressing Quantities.
    • 17.4.2 Decimal Format.
    • 17.4.3 Number Spacing.
    • 17.4.4 Multiplication of Numbers.
    • 17.4.5 Indexes.
  • 17.5 Conventional Units and SI Units in JAMA Network Journals.
    • 17.5.1 Length, Area, Volume, Mass.
    • 17.5.2 Temperature.
    • 17.5.3 Time.
    • 17.5.4 Visual Acuity.
    • 17.5.5 Pressure.
    • 17.5.6 pH.
    • 17.5.7 Solutions and Concentration.
    • 17.5.8 Energy.
    • 17.5.9 Drug Doses.
    • 17.5.10 Laboratory Values.
    • 17.5.11 Radiation.
    • 17.5.12 Currency.
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
• 18.0 Numbers and Percentages
  • 18.0 Numbers and Percentages.
  • 18.1 Use of Numerals.
    • 18.1.1 Numbers of 4 or More Digits to Either Side of the Decimal Point.
    • 18.1.2 Common Fractions.
    • 18.1.3 Mixed Fractions.
    • 18.1.4 Measures of Time.
    • 18.1.5 Measures of Temperature.
    • 18.1.6 Measures of Currency.
  • 18.2 Spelling Out Numbers.
    • 18.2.1 Beginning a Sentence, Title, Subtitle, or Heading.
    • 18.2.2 One Used as a Pronoun.
    • 18.2.3 Accepted Usage.
    • 18.2.4 Ordinals.
  • 18.3 Combining Numerals and Words.
    • 18.3.1 Rounded Large Numbers.
    • 18.3.2 Consecutive Numerical Expressions.
  • 18.4 Use of Digit Spans and Hyphens.
  • 18.5 Enumerations.
  • 18.6 Abbreviating Number.
  • 18.7 Forms of Numbers.
    • 18.7.1 Decimals.
    • 18.7.2 Percentages.
    • 18.7.3 Reporting Proportions and Percentages.
    • 18.7.4 Reporting Rates and Ratios.
    • 18.7.5 Roman Numerals.
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • Additional Readings and General References
• 19.0 Study Design and Statistics
  • 19.0 Study Design and Statistics.
  • 19.1 The Manuscript: Presenting Study Design, Rationale, and Statistical Analysis.
    • 19.1.1 Abstract.
    • 19.1.2 Introduction.
    • 19.1.3 Methods.
    • 19.1.4 Results.
    • 19.1.5 Discussion.
  • 19.2 Clinical Trials.
    • 19.2.1 Parallel-Design, Double-blind Trials.
    • 19.2.2 Crossover Trials.
    • 19.2.3 Equivalence Trials and Noninferiority Trials.
    • 19.2.4 Cluster Trials.
    • 19.2.5 Nonrandomized Trials.
  • 19.3 Observational Studies.
    • 19.3.1 Cohort Studies.
    • 19.3.2 Case-Control Studies.
    • 19.3.3 Cross-sectional Studies.
    • 19.3.4 Case Series.
    • 19.3.5 Comparative Effectiveness Studies.
    • 19.3.6 Meta-analyses.
    • 19.3.7 Economic Analyses.
    • 19.3.8 Studies of Diagnostic and Prognostic Tests.
    • 19.3.9 Survey Studies.
    • 19.3.10 Qualitative Research.
    • 19.3.11 Quality Improvement Studies.
    • 19.3.12 Ecologic Studies.
    • 19.3.13 Mendelian Randomization Studies.
    • 19.3.14 Mediation Analysis.
  • 19.4 Significant Digits and Rounding Numbers.
    • 19.4.1 Significant Digits.
    • 19.4.2 Rounding.
  • 19.5 Glossary of Statistical Terms.
  • 19.6 Statistical Symbols and Abbreviations.
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • Additional Reading and General References
• 20.0 Mathematical Composition
  • 20.0 Mathematical Composition.
  • 20.1 Displayed vs Run-in.
  • 20.2 Stacked vs Unstacked Fractions or Formulas.
  • 20.3 Exponents.
    • 20.3.1 Fractional Exponents vs Radicals.
    • 20.3.2 Negative Exponents.
    • 20.3.3 Logarithmic Expressions.
  • 20.4 Long Formulas.
  • 20.5 Expressing Multiplication and Division.
  • 20.6 Commonly Used Symbols.
  • 20.7 Typography and Capitalization.
  • 20.8 Punctuation.
  • 20.9 Spacing With Mathematical Symbols.
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • Additional Readings
• 21.0 Editing, Proofreading, Tagging, and Display
  • 21.1 Electronic Editing.
    • 21.1.1 Editing With XML.
  • 21.2 Electronic Editing Workflow.
  • 21.3 Editing and Proofreading Marks.
  • 21.4 Proofreading Sample.
  • 21.5 Basic Elements of Design.
  • 21.6 Typefaces, Fonts, and Sizes.
  • 21.7 Spacing.
    • 21.7.1 Letterspacing.
    • 21.7.2 Word Spacing.
    • 21.7.3 Line Spacing.
  • 21.8 Layout.
  • 21.9 Specific Uses of Fonts and Styles.
    • 21.9.1 Lowercase.
    • 21.9.2 Capital (Uppercase).
    • 21.9.3 Boldface.
    • 21.9.4 Italics.
    • 21.9.5 Small Caps.
    • 21.9.6 Color.
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • Additional Resources and General References
• 22.0 Publishing Terms
  • 22.1 Glossary of Publishing Terms.
  • Acknowledgment
• 23.0 Resources
  • 23.0 Resources.
  • 23.1 General Dictionaries.
  • 23.2 Medical and Scientific Dictionaries.
  • 23.3 General Style and Usage.
  • 23.4 Medical/Scientific Style and Usage.
  • 23.5 Writing.
  • 23.6 Ethical and Legal Issues.
  • 23.7 Peer Review.
  • 23.8 Illustrations/Displaying Data.
  • 23.9 Websites.
  • 23.10 Guidelines.
  • 23.11 Professional Scientific Writing, Editing, and Communications Organizations and Groups.
• End Matter
  • Index