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The basic format for reference to an Internet-based book is as follows. Note: If the reference is to the entire book, the information about chapter title and inclusive pages is not included.Author(s). Chapter title. In: Editor(s). Book Title. [Edition number, if it is the second edition or above; mention of first edition is not necessary] ed. City, State (or country) of publisher: Publisher’s name; copyright year:inclusive pages. URL: [provide URL and verify that the link still works as close as possible to the time of publication]. Accessed [date].   1. Resnick NM. Geriatric medicine. In: Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Isselbacher Less

In citing data from an online database, include the following elements, if applicable, in the order shown: Author(s). Title of the database [database online]. Publisher’s location (city, state, or, for Canada, city, province, country, or, all others, city, country): publisher’s name; year of publication and/or last update. URL [provide URL and verify that the link still works as close as possible to publication]. Accessed [date]. Additional notes that might be helpful or of interest to the reader (eg, date the site was updated or modified) may also be included. 1. PDQ: NCI’s Comprehensive Cancer Database. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; Less

References to e-mail and e-mail list messages, like those to other forms of personal communications (see also , Special Print Materials, Unpublished Material), should be listed parenthetically in the text rather than in the reference list and should include the name and highest academic degree(s) of the person who sent the message and the date the message was sent. Note: As with all personal communications, permission should be obtained from the author. An example of an e-mail citation, appearing in running text, is given below: There have been no subsequent reports of toxic reactions in the exposed groups (Joan Smith, Less

The Internet made a lot of things very simple. Bibliographies aren't among them.    J. Kronholz … the basic rules of citation are still applicable when referencing the Internet.    K. Patrias Electronic references have become considerably more common since the publication of the ninth edition of this manual. Internet references, rather than being something that only authors, editors, publishers, and librarians fretted about, were the subject of a front-page article in the Wall Street Journal. Guidelines for handling electronic references are now readily available. Although the American Psychological Association, was among the first to propose such guidelines, those of the National Library of Less

These are treated much like electronic journal and book references: use journal style for articles and book style for monographs. Note: As with electronic journal references, of the dates published, updated, and accessed, often only the accessed date will be available. 1. Jacob Siegel; Administration on Aging. Aging into the 21st century. http://www.aoa.gov/prof/Statistics/future_growth/aging21/aging_21.asp. Published May 31, 1996. Accessed December 6, 2005. 2. World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. http://www.wma.net/e/policy/b3.htm. Updated June 10, 2002. Accessed February 26, 2004. 3. US Department of Health and Human Services. Protection of human subjects. 45 CFR §46. Less

Legal references cited online contain the same basic information as legal references cited in print (, US Legal References), with the addition of the URL and the accessed date. 1. US Food and Drug Administration. The Orphan Drug Act. 1983. http://www.fda.gov/orphan/oda.htm. Accessed December 6, 2005. 2. Bybee JS [Office of Legal Counsel, US Department of Justice]. Standards of conduct for interrogation under USC §§2340-2340A [memorandum for Alberto R. Gonzales, August 1, 2002]. http://news.findlaw.com/wp/docs/doj/bybee80102mem.pdf. Accessed December 6, 2005. Less

1. Hopkins response to FDA observations [news release]. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Office of Communications and Public Affairs; September 7, 2001. http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/press/2001/SEPTEMBER/010907A.htm. Accessed February 26, 2004. 2. If you want to quit for good your doctor can help [patient brochure]. Kansas City, MO: Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals; 1984. http://www.pmdocs.com/PDF/2023799793_9794_0.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2004. Less

These are treated much the same as a “presented at” reference (see , Special Print Materials, Unpublished Material), with the addition of the URL and the accessed date. 1. Chu H, Rosenthal M. Search engines for the World Wide Web: a comparative study and evaluation methodology. Paper presented at: American Society for Information Science 1996 Annual Conference; October 19 24, 1996; Baltimore, MD. http://www.asis.org/annual-96/electronicproceedings/chu.html. Accessed February 26, 2004. 2. Collins F. Talk presented at: National Human Research Protections Advisory Committee; April 9, 2001; Bethesda, MD. http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/nhrpac/mtg04-01/0409mtg.txt. Accessed February 26, 2004. The presentation in example 2 did not have a title; Less

UPDATE: Where the discussion of citing something published online ahead of print occurs, we will henceforth drop the words "ahead of print" before the date something was posted Online First. This change was made June 1, 2012. The basic format for reference to an article in an online journal is as follows: Author(s). Title. Journal Name [using National Library of Medicine abbreviations see , Abbreviations, Names of Journals]. Year;vol(issue No.):inclusive pages. URL [provide the URL in this field; no need to use “URL:” preceding it]. Published [date]. Updated [date]. Accessed [date]. Note: Use the URL that will take the reader Less

Except for the citation of the URL and the accessed date, the format is the same as that for citing a print newspaper reference shown in , Special Print Materials, Newspapers. 1. Weiss R. The promise of precision prescriptions. Washington Post. June 24, 2000:A1. http://www.washingtonpost.com. Accessed October 10, 2001. 2. Perez-Pena R. Children in shelters hit hard by asthma. New York Times. March 2, 2004. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/02/nyregion/02asthma.html. Accessed March 2, 2004. Less

To cite software, use the following form: 1. Epi Info [computer program]. Version 3.2. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004. 2. Intercooled STATA (for Windows) [computer program]. Version 7.0. College Station, TX: StataCorp; 2000. Software need not be cited in the reference list if it is mentioned only in passing or is available without charge via the Internet (eg, shareware or freeware). Less

In citing a print software manual or guide, use the following form, which follows that for citation of a book (see , References to Print Books, Complete Data). 1. Bott E, Leonhard W. Special Edition Using Microsoft Office XP. Indianapolis, IN: Que; 2001. 2. Dean AG, Dean JA, Coulombier D, et al. Epi Info, Version 6: A Word-Processing, Database, and Statistics Program for Public Health on IBM-Compatible Microcomputers. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1994. 3. Dixon WJ, Brown MB, Engelman L, Jennirch RI, eds. BMDP Statistical Software Manual. Los Angeles: University of California Press; 1990. Less

In citing data from a website, include the following elements, if available, in the order shown: Author(s), if given (often, no authors are given). Title of the specific item cited (if none is given, use the name of the organization responsible for the site). Name of the website. URL [provide URL and verify that the link still works as close as possible to publication]. Published [date]. Updated [date]. Accessed [date]. As Patrias notes, “the title page is the usual place to look for citation information in a print publication, but no standards have been adopted for the Internet for the Less