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The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology, dating to 1988, is a standardized, systematic means of reporting Papanicolaou test results. Resources are the published handbook (the “blue book”) and the website (http://www.cytopathology.org/NIH). Expand the following abbreviations at first mention. Punctuate as shown: In the following examples, unexpanded abbreviations are assumed to have been previously defined in the text: Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs) have been described as a benign cytologic consequence of active human papillomavirus (HPV) replication. Several studies have reported that certain behavioral and biological risks exist for LSIL, suggesting that HPV alone is not sufficient for the development Less

Cancer stages are expressed with the use of capital roman numerals: stage I stage II stage III stage IV The term “stage 0” usually indicates carcinoma in situ. Histologic grades are expressed with arabic numerals, eg, grade 2. Letter and numerical suffixes, usually set on the line, may be added to subdivide individual cancer stages, as in the following examples: stage 0a stage 0is stage IA stage IE stage IB2 stage IIIE+S stage IVA stage IVB (E indicates extralymphatic spread; S, splenic involvement [as seen in Hodgkin disease]; “is,” in situ.) Less

See also , Molecular Medicine. The style for the cell cycle is as follows: Miscellaneous molecular terms are styled as shown in the following tabulation. (See also , Genetics, Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes.) Note: Gene terms follow standard gene nomenclature style (see , Genetics, Human Gene Nomenclature). Less

Abbreviations for types of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) feature arabic numerals and a space, as follows: MEN 1 MEN 2 MEN 2A MEN 2B MEN 3 Gene terms are italicized with spaces closed up (see , Genetics, Human Gene Nomenclature): MEN1 Less

The TNM staging system is an internationally standardized system for the staging of cancer and is in its seventh decade of continuing formulation. The TNM classification is put forth by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the International Union Against Cancer (UICC; http://www.uicc.org). The AJCC’s Cancer Staging Manual and the UICC’s TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours present the stages of cancer as defined by TNM classifications. The TNM definitions and stage groupings are based on prognostic outcome. Information about TNM may be accessed at the UICC website, http://www.uicc.org/index.php?id=508. The TNM symbols follow. ▪ T: tumor (indicates size, extent, Less