We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. You can change your cookie settings at any time.
Find out more
Jump to Content
Personal Profile:
Sign in
or
Create
About
Style Quizzes
SI Conversion Calculator
Updates
Subscriber Services
Contact Us
Take a Tour
Help
AMA Manual of Style
Publications
Pages
Publications
Pages
Help
Contents
My Content
(0)
Recently viewed
(0)
Save Entry
My Searches
(0)
Recently viewed
(0)
Save Search
Close
Browse
Highlight search term
Print
Email
Share This
Subscriber sign in
You could not be signed in, please check and try again.
Username
Please enter your Username
Password
Please enter your Password
Forgot password?
Don't have an account?
Sign in via your Institution
You could not be signed in, please check and try again.
Sign in with your library card
Please enter your library card number
Narrow Your Choices
Narrow Your Choices
Refine terms
Term
All
Full Text
Headings
Bibliography
Tables
Figure Captions
Abstract
DOI/ISBN
[+] Add row
Refine By Sections
Open Section
1.0 Types of Articles
(14)
1.0 Types of Articles.
(1)
1.1 Research Reports.
(1)
Open Section
1.2 Reviews.
(3)
1.2.1 Systematic Reviews.
(1)
1.2.2 Narrative Reviews.
(1)
1.3 Other Substantive Article Types (Nonresearch, Nonreview).
(1)
Open Section
1.4 Opinion Articles.
(4)
1.4.1 Viewpoints (Also Called Commentaries or Perspectives).
(1)
1.4.2 Editorials (or Invited Commentaries).
(1)
1.4.3 Personal Vignettes and Reflections.
(1)
Open Section
1.5 Correspondence.
(2)
1.5.1 Letters.
(1)
1.5.2 Research Letters.
(1)
1.6 Other Article Types.
(1)
Open Section
2.0 Manuscript Preparation for Submission and Publication
(58)
2.0 Manuscript Preparation for Submission and Publication.
(1)
Open Section
2.1 Titles and Subtitles.
(8)
2.1.1 Quotation Marks.
(1)
2.1.2 Numbers.
(1)
2.1.3 Drugs.
(1)
2.1.4 Genus and Species.
(1)
2.1.5 Abbreviations.
(1)
2.1.6 Capitalization.
(1)
2.1.7 Names of Cities, States, Counties, Provinces, and Countries.
(1)
Open Section
2.2 Author Bylines and End-of-Text Signatures.
(5)
2.2.1 Authors’ Names.
(1)
2.2.2 Authorship.
(1)
2.2.3 Academic Degrees.
(1)
2.2.4 Multiple Authors, Group Authors.
(1)
Open Section
2.3 Author Footnotes.
(4)
2.3.1 Order of Footnotes for Print or PDF Page.
(1)
2.3.2 Death of Author(s).
(1)
2.3.3 Author Affiliations.
(1)
Open Section
2.4 Running Head, Running Foot in Print/PDF.
(3)
2.4.1 Name of the Publication.
(1)
2.4.2 Short Title of the Article.
(1)
Open Section
2.5 Abstract.
(6)
2.5.1 Structured Abstracts.
(1)
2.5.2 Unstructured Abstracts.
(1)
2.5.3 Tables and/or Figures in Abstracts.
(1)
2.5.4 Clinical Trial Registration Identifier in Abstracts.
(1)
2.5.5 General Guidelines.
(1)
2.6 Keywords.
(1)
2.7 Epigraphs.
(1)
Open Section
2.8 Parts of a Manuscript, Headings, Subheadings, and Side Headings.
(4)
2.8.1 Levels of Headings.
(1)
2.8.2 Number of Headings.
(1)
2.8.3 Some Cautions About Headings.
(1)
2.9 Addenda.
(1)
Open Section
2.10 Acknowledgments (Article Information).
(20)
2.10.1 Manuscript History: Submission and Acceptance Dates.
(1)
2.10.2 Publication Online First or Online Only.
(1)
2.10.3 Information on Open Access.
(1)
2.10.4 Corrections.
(1)
2.10.5 Author Affiliation Notes.
(1)
2.10.6 Group Information.
(1)
2.10.7 Corresponding Author Contact Information.
(1)
2.10.8 Author Contributions.
(1)
2.10.9 Conflict of Interest Disclosures.
(1)
2.10.10 Funding/Support.
(1)
2.10.11 Role of the Funders/Sponsors.
(1)
2.10.12 Group Information (Including List of Participants in a Group).
(1)
2.10.13 Disclaimer.
(1)
2.10.14 Meeting Presentation.
(1)
2.10.15 Previous Posting.
(1)
2.10.16 Data Sharing Statement.
(1)
2.10.17 Additional Contributions.
(1)
2.10.18 Additional Information (Miscellaneous Acknowledgments).
(1)
2.10.19 Preferred Citation Format.
(1)
2.11 Appendixes.
(1)
2.12 Online-Only (Supplementary) Material.
(1)
2.13 Ancillary Educational and Promotional Material.
(1)
Open Section
3.0 References
(80)
3.0 References.
(1)
Open Section
3.1 Reference Style and Recommendations.
(2)
3.1.1 Bibliographic Grouping.
(1)
3.2 Reference List.
(1)
3.3 References Given in Text.
(1)
3.4 Minimum Acceptable Data for References.
(1)
3.5 Numbering.
(1)
3.6 Citation.
(1)
Open Section
3.7 Authors.
(3)
3.7.1 Group Authors.
(1)
3.7.2 Group Author Names With or Without Individually Named Authors in the Byline.
(1)
3.8 Prefixes and Particles.
(1)
Open Section
3.9 Titles.
(5)
3.9.1 English-Language Titles.
(1)
3.9.2 Non–English-Language Titles.
(1)
3.9.3 Names of Organisms.
(1)
3.9.4 Non-English Words and Phrases.
(1)
3.10 Subtitles.
(1)
Open Section
3.11 References to Journal Articles.
(16)
3.11.1 Complete Data.
(1)
3.11.2 Names of Journals.
(1)
3.11.3 Year, Volume, Issue, Location (Page Numbers), and Dates.
(1)
3.11.4 Online Journal Articles, Preprints, and Manuscripts.
(1)
3.11.5 Discontinuous Pagination.
(1)
3.11.6 Journals Without Volume or Issue Numbers.
(1)
3.11.7 Parts of an Issue.
(1)
3.11.8 Special Issue or Theme Issue.
(1)
3.11.9 Journal Supplements.
(1)
3.11.10 Abstracts From Another Source.
(1)
3.11.11 Special Department, Feature, or Column of a Journal.
(1)
3.11.12 Discussants.
(1)
3.11.13 Online Comments.
(1)
3.11.14 Corrections.
(1)
3.11.15 Retractions and Expressions of Concern.
(1)
3.11.16 Duplicate Publication.
(1)
Open Section
3.12 References to Books.
(11)
3.12.1 Complete Data.
(1)
3.12.2 References to an Entire Book.
(1)
3.12.3 References to Monographs.
(1)
3.12.4 References to a Chapter in a Book.
(1)
3.12.5 Editors and Translators.
(1)
3.12.6 Volume Number.
(1)
3.12.7 Edition Number.
(1)
3.12.8 Publishers.
(1)
3.12.9 Year of Publication.
(1)
3.12.10 Page Numbers or Chapter Number.
(1)
3.12.11 Electronic Books, Books Online, Audiobooks, and Books on Tape or CD.
(1)
Open Section
3.13 Special Materials.
(12)
3.13.1 News Publications.
(1)
3.13.2 Government or Agency Reports.
(1)
3.13.3 Serial Publications.
(1)
3.13.4 Theses and Dissertations.
(1)
3.13.5 Special Collections.
(1)
3.13.6 Package Inserts.
(1)
3.13.7 Patents.
(1)
3.13.8 Conference Proceedings Online, Webinars, and Other Presentations.
(1)
3.13.9 Meeting Presentations and Other Unpublished Material.
(1)
3.13.10 Personal Communications.
(1)
3.13.11 Classical References.
(1)
Open Section
3.14 Other Media.
(5)
3.14.1 Video.
(1)
3.14.2 Podcasts and Other Audio.
(1)
3.14.3 Apps and Interactive Games.
(1)
3.14.4 Other Multimedia.
(1)
3.14.5 Transcripts of Audio, Video, Television, or Radio Broadcasts or Television Commercials.
(1)
Open Section
3.15 Electronic References.
(12)
3.15.1 DOI.
(1)
3.15.2 PMID.
(1)
3.15.3 Websites.
(1)
3.15.4 Social Media.
(1)
3.15.5 Government/Organization Reports.
(1)
3.15.6 Software.
(1)
3.15.7 Software Manual or Guide.
(1)
3.15.8 Databases.
(1)
3.15.9 Email and Electronic Mailing List (LISTSERV) Messages.
(1)
3.15.10 News Releases.
(1)
3.15.11 Legal References.
(1)
Open Section
3.16 US Legal References.
(4)
3.16.1 Method of Citation.
(1)
3.16.2 Citation of Cases.
(1)
3.16.3 Legislative Materials.
(1)
3.17 Non-US Legal References.
(1)
Open Section
4.0 Tables, Figures, and Multimedia
(29)
4.0 Tables, Figures, and Multimedia.
(1)
Open Section
4.1 Tables.
(11)
4.1.1 Types of Tables.
(1)
4.1.2 Organizing Information in Tables.
(1)
4.1.3 Tables in Online Journals.
(1)
4.1.4 Table Components.
(1)
4.1.5 Units of Measure.
(1)
4.1.6 Punctuation.
(1)
4.1.7 Abbreviations.
(1)
4.1.8 Numbers.
(1)
4.1.9 Tables That Contain Online-Only Supplementary Information.
(1)
4.1.10 Guidelines for Preparing and Submitting Tables.
(1)
Open Section
4.2 Figures.
(13)
4.2.1 Statistical Graphs.
(1)
4.2.2 Diagrams.
(1)
4.2.3 Maps.
(1)
4.2.4 Illustrations.
(1)
4.2.5 Photographs and Clinical Imaging.
(1)
4.2.6 Components of Figures.
(1)
4.2.7 Titles, Legends, and Labels.
(1)
4.2.8 Placement of Figures in the Text.
(1)
4.2.9 Figures Reproduced or Adapted From Other Sources.
(1)
4.2.10 Guidelines for Preparing and Submitting Figures.
(1)
4.2.11 Consent for Identifiable Patients.
(1)
4.2.12 Multimedia.
(1)
Open Section
4.3 Nontabular Material.
(3)
4.3.1 Boxes.
(1)
4.3.2 Sidebars.
(1)
Open Section
5.0 Ethical and Legal Considerations
(117)
Open Section
5.1 Authorship Responsibility.
(11)
5.1.1 Authorship: Definition, Criteria, Contributions, and Requirements.
(1)
5.1.2 Guest and Ghost Authors and Other Contributors.
(1)
5.1.3 Unsigned Editorials, Anonymous Authors, Pseudonymous Authors.
(1)
5.1.4 Number of Authors.
(1)
5.1.5 Order of Authorship and Shared Positions.
(1)
5.1.6 Changes in Authorship.
(1)
5.1.7 Deceased or Incapacitated Authors.
(1)
5.1.8 Author Disputes.
(1)
5.1.9 Group and Collaborative Authorship.
(1)
5.1.10 Standards for Electronic Editing and Tagging of Names of Authors, Collaborators, and Group Authors.
(1)
Open Section
5.2 Acknowledgments.
(12)
5.2.1 Acknowledging Support, Assistance, and Contributions of Those Who Are Not Authors.
(1)
5.2.2 Group and Collaborative Author Lists.
(1)
5.2.3 Author Contributions.
(1)
5.2.4 Authors’ Conflict of Interest Disclosures.
(1)
5.2.5 Access to Data Statement.
(1)
5.2.6 Funding and Role of Funders and Sponsors.
(1)
5.2.7 Data Sharing Statement.
(1)
5.2.8 Acknowledgment Elements and Order of Elements.
(1)
5.2.9 Permission to Name Individuals.
(1)
5.2.10 Personal Communication and Credit Lines.
(1)
5.2.11 Standards for Tagging Metadata in Acknowledgments.
(1)
Open Section
5.3 Duplicate Publication and Submission.
(3)
5.3.1 Secondary Publication.
(1)
5.3.2 Editorial Policy for Preventing and Handling Allegations of Duplicate Publication.
(1)
Open Section
5.4 Scientific Misconduct.
(9)
5.4.1 Misrepresentation: Fabrication, Falsification, and Omission.
(1)
5.4.2 Misappropriation: Plagiarism and Breaches of Confidentiality.
(1)
5.4.3 Inappropriate Manipulation of Digital Images.
(1)
5.4.4 Editorial Policy and Procedures for Detecting and Handling Allegations of Scientific Misconduct.
(1)
5.4.5 Retractions and Expressions of Concern.
(1)
5.4.6 Retraction and Replacement for Articles With Pervasive Errors.
(1)
5.4.7 Allegations Involving Unresolved Questions of Scientific Misconduct.
(1)
5.4.8 Allegations Involving Manuscripts Under Editorial Consideration.
(1)
Open Section
5.5 Conflicts of Interest.
(9)
5.5.1 Definition, History, and Rationale for Journal Policies.
(1)
5.5.2 Requirements for Authors.
(1)
5.5.3 Reporting Funding, Sponsorship, and Other Support.
(1)
5.5.4 Reporting the Role of the Funder/Sponsor.
(1)
5.5.5 Access to Data Requirement.
(1)
5.5.6 Requirements for Peer Reviewers.
(1)
5.5.7 Requirements for Editors and Editorial Board Members.
(1)
5.5.8 Handling Failure to Disclose Conflicts of Interest.
(1)
Open Section
5.6 Intellectual Property: Ownership, Access, Rights, and Management.
(16)
5.6.1 Ownership and Control of Data.
(1)
5.6.2 Public Access and Open Access in Scientific Publication.
(1)
5.6.3 Copyright: Definition, History, and Current Law.
(1)
5.6.4 Types of Works and Copyright Duration in the United States.
(1)
5.6.5 Copyright Assignment or License.
(1)
5.6.6 Copyright Notice and Registration.
(1)
5.6.7 Copying, Reproducing, Adapting, and Other Uses of Content.
(1)
5.6.8 Permissions for Reuse.
(1)
5.6.9 Standards for Commercial Reprints and e-Prints.
(1)
5.6.10 Standards for Licensed International Editions.
(1)
5.6.11 International Copyright Protection.
(1)
5.6.12 Moral Rights.
(1)
5.6.13 Copyright Resources.
(1)
5.6.14 Patents.
(1)
5.6.15 Trademark.
(1)
Open Section
5.7 Confidentiality.
(5)
5.7.1 Confidentiality During Editorial Evaluation and Peer Review and After Publication.
(1)
5.7.2 Confidentiality in Allegations of Scientific Misconduct.
(1)
5.7.3 Confidentiality in Legal Petitions and Claims for Privileged Information.
(1)
5.7.4 Confidentiality in Selecting Editors and Editorial Board Members and in Editorial Meetings.
(1)
Open Section
5.8 Protecting Research Participants’ and Patients’ Rights in Scientific Publication.
(7)
5.8.1 Ethical Review of Studies and Informed Consent.
(1)
5.8.2 Journal Policies and Procedures.
(1)
5.8.3 Patients’ Rights to Privacy and Anonymity and Consent for Identifiable Publication.
(1)
5.8.4 Rights in Published Reports of Genetic Studies.
(1)
5.8.5 Patients’ Rights in Narrative Essays and News Reports in Biomedical Journals.
(1)
5.8.6 Patients’ Rights in Social Media.
(1)
Open Section
5.9 Defamation, Libel.
(12)
5.9.1 Living Persons and Existing Entities.
(1)
5.9.2 Public and Private Figures.
(1)
5.9.3 Groups of Individuals.
(1)
5.9.4 Statements of Opinion.
(1)
5.9.5 Social Media.
(1)
5.9.6 Works of Fiction.
(1)
5.9.7 Republication and News Reporting.
(1)
5.9.8 Defense Against Libel Suits and Claims.
(1)
5.9.9 Minimizing the Risk of Libel.
(1)
5.9.10 Demands to Correct, Retract, or Remove Libelous Information.
(1)
5.9.11 Resources for Other Liability Concerns.
(1)
Open Section
5.10 Editorial Freedom and Integrity.
(3)
5.10.1 Maintaining Editorial Freedom: Cases of Editorial Interference and the Rationale for Mission, Trust, and Effective Oversight and Governance.
(1)
5.10.2 Ensuring a Trust Relationship Among Journal Editors, Publishers, and Owners.
(1)
Open Section
5.11 Editorial Responsibilities, Roles, Procedures, and Policies.
(15)
5.11.1 The Editor’s Responsibilities.
(1)
5.11.2 Acknowledging Manuscript Receipt.
(1)
5.11.3 Editorial Responsibility for Manuscript Assessment.
(1)
5.11.4 Editorial Responsibility for Peer Review.
(1)
5.11.5 Editorial Responsibility for Rejection.
(1)
5.11.6 Editorial Responsibility for Revision.
(1)
5.11.7 Editorial Responsibility for Acceptance.
(1)
5.11.8 Correspondence (Letters to the Editor).
(1)
5.11.9 Social Media.
(1)
5.11.10 Corrections (Errata).
(1)
5.11.11 Role of the Editorial Board.
(1)
5.11.12 Disclosure of Editorial Practices, Procedures, and Policies.
(1)
5.11.13 Editorial Audits and Research.
(1)
5.11.14 Editorial Quality Review.
(1)
Open Section
5.12 Advertisements, Advertorials, Sponsorship, Supplements, Reprints, and e-Prints.
(8)
5.12.1 Advertisements.
(1)
5.12.2 Guidelines for Advertisements Directed to Physicians and Other Health Care Professionals.
(1)
5.12.3 Advertorials.
(1)
5.12.4 Sponsored Supplements.
(1)
5.12.5 Other Forms of Sponsorship.
(1)
5.12.6 Advertising and Sponsorship in Online Publications.
(1)
5.12.7 Reprints and e-Prints.
(1)
Open Section
5.13 Release of Information to the Public and Relations With the News Media.
(6)
5.13.1 Release of Information to the Public.
(1)
5.13.2 Expedited Publication and Release of Information.
(1)
5.13.3 Embargo.
(1)
5.13.4 Suggestions for Authors Interacting With the News Media.
(1)
5.13.5 News Releases.
(1)
Open Section
6.0 Editorial Assessment and Processing
(17)
6.0 Editorial Assessment and Processing.
(1)
Open Section
6.1 Editorial Assessment.
(8)
6.1.1 Manuscript Assessment Criteria.
(1)
6.1.2 Peer Review.
(1)
6.1.3 Editorial Decisions.
(1)
6.1.4 Revisions.
(1)
6.1.5 Appealing an Editorial Decision.
(1)
6.1.6 Postpublication Review.
(1)
6.1.7 Corrections.
(1)
Open Section
6.2 Editorial Processing.
(7)
6.2.1 Manuscript Editing.
(1)
6.2.2 Composition, Page Makeup, and Digital Content.
(1)
6.2.3 Proofreading.
(1)
6.2.4 Advertising.
(1)
6.2.5 Issue Makeup and Review.
(1)
6.2.6 Reprints and e-Prints, Postpublication Copies of Articles, and Depositing Articles in an Approved Repository.
(1)
Open Section
7.0 Grammar
(51)
7.0 Grammar.
(1)
Open Section
7.1 Nouns.
(4)
7.1.1 Nouns as Modifiers.
(1)
7.1.2 Modifying Gerunds.
(1)
7.1.3 Subject-Complement Agreement.
(1)
Open Section
7.2 Pronouns.
(4)
7.2.1 Personal Pronouns.
(1)
7.2.2 Relative Pronouns.
(1)
7.2.3 Indefinite Pronouns.
(1)
Open Section
7.3 Articles.
(3)
7.3.1 Definite Articles.
(1)
7.3.2 Indefinite Articles.
(1)
Open Section
7.4 Verbs.
(7)
7.4.1 Voice.
(1)
7.4.2 Mood.
(1)
7.4.3 Tense.
(1)
7.4.4 Double Negatives.
(1)
7.4.5 Split Infinitives and Verb Phrases.
(1)
7.4.6 Contractions.
(1)
Open Section
7.5 Subject-Verb Agreement.
(12)
7.5.1 Intervening Phrase.
(1)
7.5.2 False Singulars.
(1)
7.5.3 False Plurals.
(1)
7.5.4 Parenthetical Plurals.
(1)
7.5.5 Collective Nouns.
(1)
7.5.6 Compound Subject.
(1)
7.5.7 Shift in Number of Subject and Resultant Subject-Verb Disagreement.
(1)
7.5.8 Subject and Predicate Noun Differ in Number.
(1)
7.5.9 Every and Many a.
(1)
7.5.10 One of Those.
(1)
7.5.11 Number.
(1)
Open Section
7.6 Modifiers.
(3)
7.6.1 Misplaced Modifiers.
(1)
7.6.2 Verbal Phrase Danglers.
(1)
Open Section
7.7 Diction.
(5)
7.7.1 Homonyms.
(1)
7.7.2 Idioms, Colloquialisms, and Slang.
(1)
7.7.3 Euphemisms.
(1)
7.7.4 Clichés.
(1)
Open Section
7.8 Sentences.
(4)
7.8.1 Fragments.
(1)
7.8.2 Run-ons.
(1)
7.8.3 Common Misperceptions About Sentence Beginnings and Endings.
(1)
Open Section
7.9 Parallel Construction.
(5)
7.9.1 Correlative Conjunctions.
(1)
7.9.2 Elliptical Comparisons.
(1)
7.9.3 In Series or Comparisons.
(1)
7.9.4 Lists.
(1)
7.10 Paragraphs.
(1)
7.11 Grammar in Social Media.
(1)
Open Section
8.0 Punctuation
(54)
8.0 Punctuation.
(1)
Open Section
8.1 Period, Question Mark, Exclamation Point.
(4)
8.1.1 Period.
(1)
8.1.2 Question Mark.
(1)
8.1.3 Exclamation Point.
(1)
Open Section
8.2 Comma, Semicolon, Colon.
(4)
8.2.1 Comma.
(1)
8.2.2 Semicolon.
(1)
8.2.3 Colon.
(1)
Open Section
8.3 Hyphens and Dashes.
(3)
8.3.1 Hyphen.
(1)
8.3.2 Dashes.
(1)
Open Section
8.4 Forward Slash (Virgule, Solidus).
(7)
8.4.1 Used to Express Equivalence or Duality.
(1)
8.4.2 Used to Mean per.
(1)
8.4.3 In Dates.
(1)
8.4.4 In Equations.
(1)
8.4.5 Ratios.
(1)
8.4.6 Phonetics, Poetry.
(1)
Open Section
8.5 Parentheses and Brackets.
(3)
8.5.1 Parentheses.
(1)
8.5.2 Brackets.
(1)
Open Section
8.6 Quotation Marks.
(15)
8.6.1 Quotations.
(1)
8.6.2 Dialogue.
(1)
8.6.3 Titles.
(1)
8.6.4 Single Quotation Marks.
(1)
8.6.5 Placement.
(1)
8.6.6 Omission of Opening or Closing Quotation Marks.
(1)
8.6.7 Coined Words, Slang, or Unfamiliar Terms.
(1)
8.6.8 Apologetic Quotation Marks.
(1)
8.6.9 So-called.
(1)
8.6.10 Common Words Used in a Technical Sense.
(1)
8.6.11 Definition or Translation of Non–English-Language Words.
(1)
8.6.12 Titles.
(1)
8.6.13 Indirect Discourse, Discussions.
(1)
8.6.14 Block Quotations.
(1)
Open Section
8.7 Apostrophe.
(7)
8.7.1 To Show Possession.
(1)
8.7.2 Possessive Pronouns.
(1)
8.7.3 Possessive of Compound Terms.
(1)
8.7.4 Joint Possession.
(1)
8.7.5 Using Apostrophes to Form Plurals.
(1)
8.7.6 Units of Time and Money as Possessive Adjectives.
(1)
8.7.7 Prime.
(1)
Open Section
8.8 Ellipses.
(9)
8.8.1 Omission Within a Sentence.
(1)
8.8.2 Omission at the End of a Sentence or Between Complete Sentences.
(1)
8.8.3 Grammatically Incomplete Expressions.
(1)
8.8.4 Omissions in Verse.
(1)
8.8.5 Omissions Between or at the Start of Paragraphs.
(1)
8.8.6 Change in Capitalization.
(1)
8.8.7 Omission of Ellipses.
(1)
8.8.8 Avoidance of Ellipses in Tables.
(1)
Open Section
9.0 Plurals
(11)
9.0 Plurals.
(1)
9.1 How Plurals Are Formed.
(1)
9.2 Collective Nouns.
(1)
9.3 Parenthetical Plurals.
(1)
9.4 Latin and Greek vs English.
(1)
9.5 Microorganisms.
(1)
9.6 Abbreviations.
(1)
9.7 Plurals of Symbols, Letters, Numbers, and Years.
(1)
9.8 When Not to Use Plurals.
(1)
9.9 False Singulars.
(1)
Open Section
10.0 Capitalization
(24)
10.0 Capitalization.
(1)
10.1 First Word of Sentences, Quotations, Titles, and Subtitles.
(1)
Open Section
10.2 Titles and Headings.
(4)
10.2.1 Titles of Medical Articles.
(1)
10.2.2 Hyphenated Compounds.
(1)
10.2.3 Titles and Headings of Tables, Figures, or Boxes.
(1)
Open Section
10.3 Proper Nouns.
(11)
10.3.1 Geographic Names.
(1)
10.3.2 Sociocultural Designations.
(1)
10.3.3 Events, Awards, and Legislation.
(1)
10.3.4 Eponyms and Words Derived From Proper Nouns.
(1)
10.3.5 Proprietary Names.
(1)
10.3.6 Organisms.
(1)
10.3.7 Seasons, Deities, Holidays.
(1)
10.3.8 Tests.
(1)
10.3.9 Official Names.
(1)
10.3.10 Titles and Degrees of Persons.
(1)
10.4 Designators.
(1)
10.5 Types and Sections of Articles.
(1)
10.6 Acronyms.
(1)
10.7 Capitalized Electronic (Digital) Terms.
(1)
10.8 URLs.
(1)
10.9 Intercapped Compounds.
(1)
Open Section
11.0 Correct and Preferred Usage
(24)
11.0 Correct and Preferred Usage.
(1)
11.1 Correct and Preferred Usage of Common Words and Phrases.
(1)
Open Section
11.2 Redundant, Expendable, and Incomparable Words and Phrases.
(4)
11.2.1 Redundant Words.
(1)
11.2.2 Expendable Words and Circumlocution.
(1)
11.2.3 Incomparable Words.
(1)
11.3 Spelling and Spacing Variations.
(1)
11.4 Back-formations.
(1)
11.5 Jargon.
(1)
11.6 Administration of Drugs.
(1)
11.7 Age and Sex Referents.
(1)
11.8 Anatomy.
(1)
11.9 Clock Referents.
(1)
11.10 Laboratory Values.
(1)
11.11 Articles.
(1)
Open Section
11.12 Inclusive Language.
(8)
11.12.1 Sex/Gender.
(1)
11.12.2 Personal Pronouns.
(1)
11.12.3 Race/Ethnicity.
(1)
11.12.4 Age.
(1)
11.12.5 Socioeconomic Status.
(1)
11.12.6 Terms for Persons With Diseases, Disorders, or Disabilities.
(1)
11.12.7 Sexual Orientation.
(1)
Open Section
12.0 Non-English Words, Phrases, and Accent Marks
(5)
Open Section
12.1 Non-English Words, Phrases, and Titles.
(3)
12.1.1 Use of Italics.
(1)
12.1.2 Translation of Titles.
(1)
12.1.3 Capitalization and Punctuation.
(1)
12.2 Accent Marks (Diacritics).
(1)
Open Section
13.0 Abbreviations
(18)
13.0 Abbreviations.
(1)
13.1 Academic Degrees and Honors.
(1)
Open Section
13.2 US Military Services and Titles.
(3)
13.2.1 US Military Services.
(1)
13.2.2 US Military Officer Titles (Grades and Ranks).
(1)
13.3 Days of the Week, Months, Eras.
(1)
13.4 Local Addresses.
(1)
13.5 Cities, States, Counties, Territories, Possessions, Provinces, Countries.
(1)
13.6 Names and Titles of Persons.
(1)
13.7 Commercial Firms.
(1)
13.8 Agencies, Organizations, Foundations, Funding Bodies, and Others.
(1)
13.9 Collaborative Groups.
(1)
13.10 Names of Journals.
(1)
13.11 Clinical, Technical, and Other Common Terms.
(1)
13.12 Units of Measure.
(1)
13.13 Elements and Chemicals.
(1)
13.14 Radioactive Isotopes.
(1)
Open Section
14.0 Nomenclature
(97)
14.0 Nomenclature.
(1)
Open Section
14.1 Blood Groups, Platelet Antigens, and Granulocyte Antigens.
(3)
14.1.1 Blood Groups.
(1)
14.1.2 Platelet-Specific Antigens.
(1)
14.1.3 Granulocyte Antigens.
(1)
Open Section
14.2 Cancer.
(5)
14.2.1 Cancer Stage.
(1)
14.2.2 The TNM Staging System.
(1)
14.2.3 Bethesda System for Cervical Cytology.
(1)
14.2.4 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia.
(1)
14.2.5 Molecular Cancer Terminology.
(1)
Open Section
14.3 Cardiology.
(13)
14.3.1 Electrocardiographic Terms.
(1)
14.3.2 Electrograms.
(1)
14.3.3 Heart Sounds.
(1)
14.3.4 Murmurs.
(1)
14.3.5 Jugular Venous Pulse.
(1)
14.3.6 Echocardiography.
(1)
14.3.7 Pacemaker Codes.
(1)
14.3.8 Implanted Cardioverter-Defibrillators.
(1)
14.3.9 Pacemaker-Lead Code.
(1)
14.3.10 Heart Disease Classifications and Scoring Systems.
(1)
14.3.11 Coronary Artery Angiographic Classifications.
(1)
14.3.12 Cellular and Molecular Cardiology.
(1)
Open Section
14.4 Drugs.
(16)
14.4.1 The Drug Development and Approval Process.
(1)
14.4.2 Nonproprietary Names.
(1)
14.4.3 Proprietary Names.
(1)
14.4.4 Chemical Names.
(1)
14.4.5 Code Designations.
(1)
14.4.6 Trivial Names.
(1)
14.4.7 Drugs With Inactive Components.
(1)
14.4.8 Stereoisomers.
(1)
14.4.9 Combination Products.
(1)
14.4.10 Drug Preparation Names That Include a Percentage.
(1)
14.4.11 Multiple-Drug Regimens.
(1)
14.4.12 Drug Abbreviations.
(1)
14.4.13 Nomenclature for Biological Products.
(1)
14.4.14 Vitamins and Related Compounds.
(1)
14.4.15 Herbal and Dietary Supplements.
(1)
Open Section
14.5 Equipment, Devices, Reagents, and Software.
(2)
14.5.1 Equipment, Devices, and Reagents.
(1)
14.5.2 Software.
(1)
Open Section
14.6 Genetics.
(6)
14.6.1 Nucleic Acids and Amino Acids.
(1)
14.6.2 Human Gene Nomenclature.
(1)
14.6.3 Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes.
(1)
14.6.4 Human Chromosomes.
(1)
14.6.5 Nonhuman Genetic Terms.
(1)
14.6.6 Pedigrees.
(1)
Open Section
14.7 Hemostasis.
(5)
14.7.1 Primary Hemostasis (Initiation).
(1)
14.7.2 Endothelial Factors.
(1)
14.7.3 Secondary Hemostasis (Amplification and Propagation).
(1)
14.7.4 Inhibition of Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
(1)
Open Section
14.8 Immunology.
(7)
14.8.1 Chemokines.
(1)
14.8.2 CD Cell Markers.
(1)
14.8.3 Complement.
(1)
14.8.4 Cytokines.
(1)
14.8.5 HLA/Major Histocompatibility Complex.
(1)
14.8.6 Immunoglobulins.
(1)
14.8.7 Lymphocytes.
(1)
Open Section
14.9 Isotopes.
(8)
14.9.1 Elements.
(1)
14.9.2 Radiopharmaceuticals.
(1)
14.9.3 Radiopharmaceutical Compounds Without Approved Names.
(1)
14.9.4 Radiopharmaceutical Proprietary Names.
(1)
14.9.5 Uniform Labeling.
(1)
14.9.6 Hydrogen Isotopes.
(1)
14.9.7 Metastable Isotopes.
(1)
Open Section
14.10 Molecular Medicine.
(4)
14.10.1 Molecular Terminology: Other Sections of Chapter 14.
(1)
14.10.2 Molecular Terms: Considerations and Examples.
(1)
14.10.3 Enzyme Nomenclature.
(1)
Open Section
14.11 Neurology.
(5)
14.11.1 Nerves.
(1)
14.11.2 Electroencephalographic Terms.
(1)
14.11.3 Evoked Potentials or Responses.
(1)
14.11.4 Polysomnography and Sleep Stages.
(1)
14.11.5 Molecular Neuroscience.
(1)
Open Section
14.12 Obstetric Terms.
(6)
14.12.1 GPA.
(1)
14.12.2 TPAL.
(1)
14.12.3 Apgar Score.
(1)
14.12.4 Birth Weight.
(1)
14.12.5 Term Pregnancy.
(1)
14.13 Ophthalmology Terms.
(1)
Open Section
14.14 Organisms and Pathogens.
(4)
14.14.1 Biological Nomenclature.
(1)
14.14.2 Bacteria: Additional Terminology.
(1)
14.14.3 Virus Nomenclature.
(1)
14.14.4 Prions.
(1)
Open Section
14.15 Psychiatric Terminology.
(2)
14.15.1 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
(1)
14.15.2 Other Psychiatric Terminology.
(1)
Open Section
14.16 Pulmonary and Respiratory Terminology.
(4)
14.16.1 Symbols.
(1)
14.16.2 Abbreviations.
(1)
14.16.3 Mechanical Ventilation.
(1)
Open Section
14.17 Radiology.
(3)
14.17.1 Radiology Terms.
(1)
14.17.2 Resources.
(1)
14.18 Terminology in Transition: Nephrology.
(1)
Open Section
15.0 Eponyms
(4)
15.0 Eponyms.
(1)
15.1 Eponymous vs Noneponymous Terms.
(1)
15.2 Nonpossessive Form.
(1)
Open Section
16.0 Greek Letters
(6)
16.0 Greek Letters.
(1)
16.1 Greek Letter vs Word.
(1)
16.2 Capitalization After a Greek Letter.
(1)
16.3 Greek Alphabet.
(1)
16.4 Page Composition and Electronic Formats.
(1)
Open Section
17.0 Units of Measure
(36)
17.0 Units of Measure.
(1)
Open Section
17.1 SI Units.
(4)
17.1.1 Base Units.
(1)
17.1.2 Derived Units.
(1)
17.1.3 Prefixes
(1)
Open Section
17.2 Expressing Unit Names and Symbols.
(3)
17.2.1 Capitalization.
(1)
17.2.2 Products and Quotients of Unit Symbols.
(1)
Open Section
17.3 Format, Style, and Punctuation.
(9)
17.3.1 Exponents.
(1)
17.3.2 Plurals.
(1)
17.3.3 Subject-Verb Agreement.
(1)
17.3.4 Spelling Out Units of Measure.
(1)
17.3.5 Abbreviations.
(1)
17.3.6 Punctuation.
(1)
17.3.7 Hyphens.
(1)
17.3.8 Spacing.
(1)
Open Section
17.4 Use of Numerals With Units.
(5)
17.4.1 Expressing Quantities.
(1)
17.4.2 Decimal Format.
(1)
17.4.3 Number Spacing.
(1)
17.4.4 Multiplication of Numbers.
(1)
17.4.5 Indexes.
(1)
Open Section
17.5 Conventional Units and SI Units in JAMA Network Journals.
(13)
17.5.1 Length, Area, Volume, Mass.
(1)
17.5.2 Temperature.
(1)
17.5.3 Time.
(1)
17.5.4 Visual Acuity.
(1)
17.5.5 Pressure.
(1)
17.5.6 pH.
(1)
17.5.7 Solutions and Concentration.
(1)
17.5.8 Energy.
(1)
17.5.9 Drug Doses.
(1)
17.5.10 Laboratory Values.
(1)
17.5.11 Radiation.
(1)
17.5.12 Currency.
(1)
Open Section
18.0 Numbers and Percentages
(25)
18.0 Numbers and Percentages.
(1)
Open Section
18.1 Use of Numerals.
(7)
18.1.1 Numbers of 4 or More Digits to Either Side of the Decimal Point.
(1)
18.1.2 Common Fractions.
(1)
18.1.3 Mixed Fractions.
(1)
18.1.4 Measures of Time.
(1)
18.1.5 Measures of Temperature.
(1)
18.1.6 Measures of Currency.
(1)
Open Section
18.2 Spelling Out Numbers.
(5)
18.2.1 Beginning a Sentence, Title, Subtitle, or Heading.
(1)
18.2.2 One Used as a Pronoun.
(1)
18.2.3 Accepted Usage.
(1)
18.2.4 Ordinals.
(1)
Open Section
18.3 Combining Numerals and Words.
(3)
18.3.1 Rounded Large Numbers.
(1)
18.3.2 Consecutive Numerical Expressions.
(1)
18.4 Use of Digit Spans and Hyphens.
(1)
18.5 Enumerations.
(1)
18.6 Abbreviating Number.
(1)
Open Section
18.7 Forms of Numbers.
(5)
18.7.1 Decimals.
(1)
18.7.2 Percentages.
(1)
18.7.3 Reporting Proportions and Percentages.
(1)
18.7.4 Reporting Rates and Ratios.
(1)
18.7.5 Roman Numerals.
(1)
Open Section
19.0 Study Design and Statistics
(34)
19.0 Study Design and Statistics.
(1)
Open Section
19.1 The Manuscript: Presenting Study Design, Rationale, and Statistical Analysis.
(6)
19.1.1 Abstract.
(1)
19.1.2 Introduction.
(1)
19.1.3 Methods.
(1)
19.1.4 Results.
(1)
19.1.5 Discussion.
(1)
Open Section
19.2 Clinical Trials.
(6)
19.2.1 Parallel-Design, Double-blind Trials.
(1)
19.2.2 Crossover Trials.
(1)
19.2.3 Equivalence Trials and Noninferiority Trials.
(1)
19.2.4 Cluster Trials.
(1)
19.2.5 Nonrandomized Trials.
(1)
Open Section
19.3 Observational Studies.
(15)
19.3.1 Cohort Studies.
(1)
19.3.2 Case-Control Studies.
(1)
19.3.3 Cross-sectional Studies.
(1)
19.3.4 Case Series.
(1)
19.3.5 Comparative Effectiveness Studies.
(1)
19.3.6 Meta-analyses.
(1)
19.3.7 Economic Analyses.
(1)
19.3.8 Studies of Diagnostic and Prognostic Tests.
(1)
19.3.9 Survey Studies.
(1)
19.3.10 Qualitative Research.
(1)
19.3.11 Quality Improvement Studies.
(1)
19.3.12 Ecologic Studies.
(1)
19.3.13 Mendelian Randomization Studies.
(1)
19.3.14 Mediation Analysis.
(1)
Open Section
19.4 Significant Digits and Rounding Numbers.
(3)
19.4.1 Significant Digits.
(1)
19.4.2 Rounding.
(1)
19.5 Glossary of Statistical Terms.
(1)
19.6 Statistical Symbols and Abbreviations.
(1)
Open Section
20.0 Mathematical Composition
(13)
20.0 Mathematical Composition.
(1)
20.1 Displayed vs Run-in.
(1)
20.2 Stacked vs Unstacked Fractions or Formulas.
(1)
Open Section
20.3 Exponents.
(3)
20.3.1 Fractional Exponents vs Radicals.
(1)
20.3.2 Negative Exponents.
(1)
20.3.3 Logarithmic Expressions.
(1)
20.4 Long Formulas.
(1)
20.5 Expressing Multiplication and Division.
(1)
20.6 Commonly Used Symbols.
(1)
20.7 Typography and Capitalization.
(1)
20.8 Punctuation.
(1)
20.9 Spacing With Mathematical Symbols.
(1)
Open Section
21.0 Editing, Proofreading, Tagging, and Display
(19)
Open Section
21.1 Electronic Editing.
(2)
21.1.1 Editing With XML.
(1)
21.2 Electronic Editing Workflow.
(1)
21.3 Editing and Proofreading Marks.
(1)
21.4 Proofreading Sample.
(1)
21.5 Basic Elements of Design.
(1)