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AMA Manual of Style
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  • Sections   
      • 1.0 Types of Articles
      • 1.0 Types of Articles.
      • 1.1 Research Reports.
      • 1.2 Reviews.
      • 1.3 Other Substantive Article Types (Nonresearch, Nonreview).
      • 1.4 Opinion Articles.
      • 1.5 Correspondence.
      • 1.6 Other Article Types.
      • 2.0 Manuscript Preparation for Submission and Publication
      • 2.0 Manuscript Preparation for Submission and Publication.
      • 2.1 Titles and Subtitles.
      • 2.2 Author Bylines and End-of-Text Signatures.
      • 2.3 Author Footnotes.
      • 2.4 Running Head, Running Foot in Print/PDF.
      • 2.5 Abstract.
      • 2.6 Keywords.
      • 2.7 Epigraphs.
      • 2.8 Parts of a Manuscript, Headings, Subheadings, and Side Headings.
      • 2.9 Addenda.
      • 2.10 Acknowledgments (Article Information).
      • 2.11 Appendixes.
      • 2.12 Online-Only (Supplementary) Material.
      • 2.13 Ancillary Educational and Promotional Material.
      • 3.0 References
      • 3.0 References.
      • 3.1 Reference Style and Recommendations.
      • 3.2 Reference List.
      • 3.3 References Given in Text.
      • 3.4 Minimum Acceptable Data for References.
      • 3.5 Numbering.
      • 3.6 Citation.
      • 3.7 Authors.
      • 3.8 Prefixes and Particles.
      • 3.9 Titles.
      • 3.10 Subtitles.
      • 3.11 References to Journal Articles.
      • 3.12 References to Books.
      • 3.13 Special Materials.
      • 3.14 Other Media.
      • 3.15 Electronic References.
      • 3.16 US Legal References.
      • 3.17 Non-US Legal References.
      • 4.0 Tables, Figures, and Multimedia
      • 4.0 Tables, Figures, and Multimedia.
      • 4.1 Tables.
      • 4.2 Figures.
      • 4.3 Nontabular Material.
      • 5.0 Ethical and Legal Considerations
      • 5.1 Authorship Responsibility.
      • 5.2 Acknowledgments.
      • 5.3 Duplicate Publication and Submission.
      • 5.4 Scientific Misconduct.
      • 5.5 Conflicts of Interest.
      • 5.6 Intellectual Property: Ownership, Access, Rights, and Management.
      • 5.7 Confidentiality.
      • 5.8 Protecting Research Participants’ and Patients’ Rights in Scientific Publication.
      • 5.9 Defamation, Libel.
      • 5.10 Editorial Freedom and Integrity.
      • 5.11 Editorial Responsibilities, Roles, Procedures, and Policies.
      • 5.12 Advertisements, Advertorials, Sponsorship, Supplements, Reprints, and e-Prints.
      • 5.13 Release of Information to the Public and Relations With the News Media.
      • 6.0 Editorial Assessment and Processing
      • 6.0 Editorial Assessment and Processing.
      • 6.1 Editorial Assessment.
      • 6.2 Editorial Processing.
      • 7.0 Grammar
      • 7.0 Grammar.
      • 7.1 Nouns.
      • 7.2 Pronouns.
      • 7.3 Articles.
      • 7.4 Verbs.
      • 7.5 Subject-Verb Agreement.
      • 7.6 Modifiers.
      • 7.7 Diction.
      • 7.8 Sentences.
      • 7.9 Parallel Construction.
      • 7.10 Paragraphs.
      • 7.11 Grammar in Social Media.
      • 8.0 Punctuation
      • 8.0 Punctuation.
      • 8.1 Period, Question Mark, Exclamation Point.
      • 8.2 Comma, Semicolon, Colon.
      • 8.3 Hyphens and Dashes.
      • 8.4 Forward Slash (Virgule, Solidus).
      • 8.5 Parentheses and Brackets.
      • 8.6 Quotation Marks.
      • 8.7 Apostrophe.
      • 8.8 Ellipses.
      • 9.0 Plurals
      • 9.0 Plurals.
      • 9.1 How Plurals Are Formed.
      • 9.2 Collective Nouns.
      • 9.3 Parenthetical Plurals.
      • 9.4 Latin and Greek vs English.
      • 9.5 Microorganisms.
      • 9.6 Abbreviations.
      • 9.7 Plurals of Symbols, Letters, Numbers, and Years.
      • 9.8 When Not to Use Plurals.
      • 9.9 False Singulars.
      • 10.0 Capitalization
      • 10.0 Capitalization.
      • 10.1 First Word of Sentences, Quotations, Titles, and Subtitles.
      • 10.2 Titles and Headings.
      • 10.3 Proper Nouns.
      • 10.4 Designators.
      • 10.5 Types and Sections of Articles.
      • 10.6 Acronyms.
      • 10.7 Capitalized Electronic (Digital) Terms.
      • 10.8 URLs.
      • 10.9 Intercapped Compounds.
      • 11.0 Correct and Preferred Usage
      • 11.0 Correct and Preferred Usage.
      • 11.1 Correct and Preferred Usage of Common Words and Phrases.
      • 11.2 Redundant, Expendable, and Incomparable Words and Phrases.
      • 11.3 Spelling and Spacing Variations.
      • 11.4 Back-formations.
      • 11.5 Jargon.
      • 11.6 Administration of Drugs.
      • 11.7 Age and Sex Referents.
      • 11.8 Anatomy.
      • 11.9 Clock Referents.
      • 11.10 Laboratory Values.
      • 11.11 Articles.
      • 11.12 Inclusive Language.
      • 12.0 Non-English Words, Phrases, and Accent Marks
      • 12.1 Non-English Words, Phrases, and Titles.
      • 12.2 Accent Marks (Diacritics).
      • 13.0 Abbreviations
      • 13.0 Abbreviations.
      • 13.1 Academic Degrees and Honors.
      • 13.2 US Military Services and Titles.
      • 13.3 Days of the Week, Months, Eras.
      • 13.4 Local Addresses.
      • 13.5 Cities, States, Counties, Territories, Possessions, Provinces, Countries.
      • 13.6 Names and Titles of Persons.
      • 13.7 Commercial Firms.
      • 13.8 Agencies, Organizations, Foundations, Funding Bodies, and Others.
      • 13.9 Collaborative Groups.
      • 13.10 Names of Journals.
      • 13.11 Clinical, Technical, and Other Common Terms.
      • 13.12 Units of Measure.
      • 13.13 Elements and Chemicals.
      • 13.14 Radioactive Isotopes.
      • 14.0 Nomenclature
      • 14.0 Nomenclature.
      • 14.1 Blood Groups, Platelet Antigens, and Granulocyte Antigens.
      • 14.2 Cancer.
      • 14.3 Cardiology.
      • 14.4 Drugs.
      • 14.5 Equipment, Devices, Reagents, and Software.
      • 14.6 Genetics.
      • 14.7 Hemostasis.
      • 14.8 Immunology.
      • 14.9 Isotopes.
      • 14.10 Molecular Medicine.
      • 14.11 Neurology.
      • 14.12 Obstetric Terms.
      • 14.13 Ophthalmology Terms.
      • 14.14 Organisms and Pathogens.
      • 14.15 Psychiatric Terminology.
      • 14.16 Pulmonary and Respiratory Terminology.
      • 14.17 Radiology.
      • 14.18 Terminology in Transition: Nephrology.
      • 15.0 Eponyms
      • 15.0 Eponyms.
      • 15.1 Eponymous vs Noneponymous Terms.
      • 15.2 Nonpossessive Form.
      • 16.0 Greek Letters
      • 16.0 Greek Letters.
      • 16.1 Greek Letter vs Word.
      • 16.2 Capitalization After a Greek Letter.
      • 16.3 Greek Alphabet.
      • 16.4 Page Composition and Electronic Formats.
      • 17.0 Units of Measure
      • 17.0 Units of Measure.
      • 17.1 SI Units.
      • 17.2 Expressing Unit Names and Symbols.
      • 17.3 Format, Style, and Punctuation.
      • 17.4 Use of Numerals With Units.
      • 17.5 Conventional Units and SI Units in JAMA Network Journals.
      • 18.0 Numbers and Percentages
      • 18.0 Numbers and Percentages.
      • 18.1 Use of Numerals.
      • 18.2 Spelling Out Numbers.
      • 18.3 Combining Numerals and Words.
      • 18.4 Use of Digit Spans and Hyphens.
      • 18.5 Enumerations.
      • 18.6 Abbreviating Number.
      • 18.7 Forms of Numbers.
      • 19.0 Study Design and Statistics
      • 19.0 Study Design and Statistics.
      • 19.1 The Manuscript: Presenting Study Design, Rationale, and Statistical Analysis.
      • 19.2 Clinical Trials.
      • 19.3 Observational Studies.
      • 19.4 Significant Digits and Rounding Numbers.
      • 19.5 Glossary of Statistical Terms.
      • 19.6 Statistical Symbols and Abbreviations.
      • 20.0 Mathematical Composition
      • 20.0 Mathematical Composition.
      • 20.1 Displayed vs Run-in.
      • 20.2 Stacked vs Unstacked Fractions or Formulas.
      • 20.3 Exponents.
      • 20.4 Long Formulas.
      • 20.5 Expressing Multiplication and Division.
      • 20.6 Commonly Used Symbols.
      • 20.7 Typography and Capitalization.
      • 20.8 Punctuation.
      • 20.9 Spacing With Mathematical Symbols.
      • 21.0 Editing, Proofreading, Tagging, and Display
      • 21.1 Electronic Editing.
      • 21.2 Electronic Editing Workflow.
      • 21.3 Editing and Proofreading Marks.
      • 21.4 Proofreading Sample.
      • 21.5 Basic Elements of Design.
      • 21.6 Typefaces, Fonts, and Sizes.
      • 21.7 Spacing.
      • 21.8 Layout.
      • 21.9 Specific Uses of Fonts and Styles.
      • 22.0 Publishing Terms
      • 22.1 Glossary of Publishing Terms.
      • 23.0 Resources
      • 23.0 Resources.
      • 23.1 General Dictionaries.
      • 23.2 Medical and Scientific Dictionaries.
      • 23.3 General Style and Usage.
      • 23.4 Medical/Scientific Style and Usage.
      • 23.5 Writing.
      • 23.6 Ethical and Legal Issues.
      • 23.7 Peer Review.
      • 23.8 Illustrations/Displaying Data.
      • 23.9 Websites.
      • 23.10 Guidelines.
      • 23.11 Professional Scientific Writing, Editing, and Communications Organizations and Groups.
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date: 27 May 2022

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